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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-548X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Biológica Colombiana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta biol.Colomb.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-548X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-548X2010000100021</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[SINTESIS DE ESTEVIOSIDOS EN ESTEVIA (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[STEVIOSIDE SYNTHESIS IN STEVIA (Stevia rebaudiana Bert)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarma Orozco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfredo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espitia Camacho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fischer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerhard]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montería ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Agronomía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>289</fpage>
<lpage>294</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-548X2010000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-548X2010000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-548X2010000100021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Stevia rebaudiana Bert. es una planta selvática subtropical nativa de Paraguay, que posee un potente edulcorante de hasta 300 veces más dulce que la sacarosa y no tiene calorías. Las moléculas responsables de esta característica son glucósidos de diterpeno, presentes en hojas y sintetizados, al menos en los estados iniciales, usando la misma ruta de síntesis del ácido giberélico, en la que el ácido shiquímico, da origen a muchos compuestos aromáticos. El acetato es el precursor de los terpenos o isoprenoides por la ruta del acetato-mevalonato, donde se encuentran los esteviósidos, aunque en este artículo se discute una ruta alternativa. La presente actualización pretende aportar algunas herramientas para el entendimiento de las principales rutas de síntesis de los glucósidos de esteviol.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Stevia rebaudiana Bert. is a subtropical wild plant of Paraguay , that possesses a potent sweetener up to 300 times higher than sucrose and has no calories. The molecules responsible for these characteristics are diterpen glycosides, found in leaves and synthesized at least, at initial states, which use the same pathway of the gibberellic acid in which the shiquimic acid gives origin to many aromatic compounds. The acetate is the precursor of the terpens or isoprenoids through the acetate-mevalonate pathway, where steviosides are found. Although in this article, an alternative route is discussed. This updating pretends to contribute tools for the understanding of the main pathways of steviol glycosides synthesis.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Stevia rebaudiana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[edulcorante]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[metabolismo secundario]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[terpenoides]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Stevia rebaudiana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[edulcorate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[secondary metabolism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[terpenoids]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font face="verdana" size="2">      <p align="center"><font size="4"> <b>SINTESIS DE ESTEVIOSIDOS EN ESTEVIA (<I>Stevia rebaudiana </I>Bert<I>.</I>)</b></font> </P>       <P align="center">STEVIOSIDE SYNTHESIS IN STEVIA (<I>Stevia rebaudiana </I>Bert) </P>      <P>Alfredo Jarma Orozco<sup>1</sup>, M.Sc.; Miguel Espitia Camacho<sup>1</sup>, Ph.D.; Gerhard Fischer, Ph.D.<sup>2</sup> <sup>1</sup> Facultad de Ciencias Agr&iacute;colas, Universidad de C&oacute;rdoba, Monter&iacute;a, Colombia. e-mail: <a href="mailto:ajarma@sinu.unicordoba.edu.co">ajarma@sinu.unicordoba.edu.co </a><sup>2</sup> Facultad de Agronom&iacute;a, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogot&aacute;. Bogot&aacute;, Colombia. </P >     <P   >Presentado 2 mayo de 2008, aceptado 26 de junio de 2009, correcciones 1 de diciembre de 2009. </P ><hr size="1">     <P   >RESUMEN </P >     <P   > <I>Stevia rebaudiana </I>Bert. es una planta selv&aacute;tica subtropical nativa de Paraguay, que posee un potente edulcorante de hasta 300 veces m&aacute;s dulce que la sacarosa y no tiene calor&iacute;as. Las mol&eacute;culas responsables de esta caracter&iacute;stica son gluc&oacute;sidos de diterpeno, presentes en hojas y sintetizados, al menos en los estados iniciales, usando la misma ruta de s&iacute;ntesis del &aacute;cido giber&eacute;lico, en la que el &aacute;cido shiqu&iacute;mico, da origen a muchos compuestos arom&aacute;ticos. El acetato es el precursor de los terpenos o isoprenoides por la ruta del acetato-mevalonato, donde se encuentran los estevi&oacute;sidos, aunque en este art&iacute;culo se discute una ruta alternativa. La presente actualizaci&oacute;n pretende aportar algunas herramientas para el entendimiento de las principales rutas de s&iacute;ntesis de los gluc&oacute;sidos de esteviol. </P >      <P   >Palabras clave: <I>Stevia rebaudiana</I>, edulcorante, metabolismo secundario, terpenoides. </P ><hr size="1">     <P   >ABSTRACT </P >      <P   ><I>Stevia rebaudiana</I> Bert. is a subtropical wild plant of Paraguay, that possesses a potent sweetener up to 300 times higher than sucrose and has no calories. The molecules responsible for these characteristics are diterpen glycosides, found in leaves and synthesized at least, at initial states, which use the same pathway of the gibberellic acid in which the shiquimic acid gives origin to many aromatic compounds. The acetate is the precursor of the terpens or isoprenoids through the acetate-mevalonate pathway, where steviosides are found. Although in this article, an alternative route is discussed. This updating pretends to contribute tools for the understanding of the main pathways of steviol glycosides synthesis. </P >      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P   >Key words: <I>Stevia rebaudiana</I>, edulcorate, secondary metabolism, terpenoids. </P ><hr size="1">     <P   >INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N </P >     <P   ><I>Stevia rebaudiana</I> Bert. es una planta herb&aacute;cea perenne que pertenece a la familia de las Astareceas; crece como arbusto salvaje en el suroeste de Brasil y Paraguay. Cobra un alto valor entre los vegetales nativos de estos pa&iacute;ses, debido a que contiene gluc&oacute;sidos bajos en calor&iacute;as, llamados com&uacute;nmente estevi&oacute;sidos, cuyo poder edulcorante en estado puro y cristalino puede ser 300 veces mayor que el del az&uacute;car de ca&ntilde;a (Jarma, 2008). En Colombia, se ha reportado su adaptaci&oacute;n y potencialidad como nuevo cultivo agroindustrial (Jarma <I>et &aacute;l</I>., 2005; Jarma <I>et &aacute;l</I>., 2006). </P >     <P   >Los edulcorantes, en su mayor&iacute;a concentrados en las hojas, son gluc&oacute;sidos de diterpeno sintetizados, en la ruta del &aacute;cido giber&eacute;lico a partir del mevalonato (Hsieh y Goodman, 2005; Guevara <I>et &aacute;l.</I>, 2005; Kasahara <I>et &aacute;l.</I>, 2002). Varios autores han indicado que la diferencia radica que en estevia, el kaureno, precursor de dichas hormonas, se convierte a esteviol en el ret&iacute;culo endopl&aacute;smico (Geuns, 2003; Tott&eacute; <I>et &aacute;l</I>., 2000; Tott&eacute; <I>et &aacute;l</I>., 2003; Brandle <I>et &aacute;l</I>., 2002). </P >     <P   >El gluc&oacute;sido es un polvo cristalino blanco; los cient&iacute;ficos lo llaman una "mol&eacute;cula noble", debido a que el producto es 100% natural, no tiene calor&iacute;as, las hojas pueden utilizarse en su estado natural y solo son necesarias cantidades peque&ntilde;as del producto, gracias a su gran poder edulcorante. Recientemente se ha reportado su actividad anti&aacute;cida, cardiot&oacute;nica, anti caries (Brandle, 1998), propiedades anti-rotavirus (Takahashi <I>et &aacute;l.</I>, 2001), efectos anti hiperglic&eacute;micos e insulinotr&oacute;picos que ayudan al tratamiento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (Reziwanggu <I>et &aacute;l.</I>, 2004; Gregersen <I>et &aacute;l</I>., 2004) y como estimulante en la secreci&oacute;n de insulina actuando sobre las c&eacute;lulas &#61538; del p&aacute;ncreas (Jeppesen <I>et &aacute;l</I>., 2000; Jeppensen <I>et &aacute;l</I>., 2002). </P >     <P   >S&Iacute;NTESIS DE ESTEVIOSIDOS </P >     <P   >Terpenos. </P >     <P   > Todos los terpenos naturales proceden de unidades de acetato activo (Acetil CoA), que se condensan y transforman para originar &aacute;cido meval&oacute;nico (AMV), unidad de cinco &aacute;tomos de carbono, espec&iacute;fica de la bios&iacute;ntesis de terpenos (Chappell, 1995; Gershenzon y Croteau, 1993). En la primera etapa de esta ruta sint&eacute;tica, por acci&oacute;n de una tiolasa y la hidroxi metil glutaril CoA sintetasa, se condensan tres unidades de acetil CoA y forman 3-hidroxi-3-metil glutaril CoA (HMG-CoA), compuesto que experimenta una reducci&oacute;n dependiente de NADPH.H+, transform&aacute;ndose en AMV por la acci&oacute;n de la HMG-CoA reductasa ubicada en la membrana del ret&iacute;culo endoplasm&aacute;tico (RE). El AMV es activado, form&aacute;ndose isopentenil pirofosfato (IPP). En las reacciones de alargamiento de la cadena terp&eacute;nica, IPP y dimetilalil pirofosfato (DMAPP) se condensan de cabeza a cola; El DMAPP aporta el resto isoprenoide &#61537;, o inicial, form&aacute;ndose geranil pirofosfato GPP (C10). La adici&oacute;n sucesiva cabeza a cola de otras unidades IPP conduce a la s&iacute;ntesis de farnesil pirofosfato FPP (C15), geranil geranil pirofosfato GGPP (C20), que dar&aacute; origen al diterpeno tetrac&iacute;clico <I>ent</I>-kaureno en una reacci&oacute;n catalizada por la enzima <I>kaureno sintetasa</I> (KS). </P >     <P   >Otra ruta alternativa en la s&iacute;ntesis del <I>ent</I>-kaureno que excluye el AMV, fue propuesta por Tott&eacute; <I>et &aacute;l. </I>(2000), usando glucosa marcada radiactivamente (1-13C-glucosa);  seg&uacute;n los autores, en esta ruta alternativa llamada v&iacute;a metil-eritritol-fosfato (MEP), el primer compuesto intermediario, 1 deoxi-d-xilulosa-5-fosfato (DXP), es formado a partir de los productos del catabolismo de la glucosa, piruvato y d-gliceraldehido-3-fosfato, por una tiamina sintasa difosfato-dependiente. Una reducto-isomerasa cataliza la reestructuraci&oacute;n de la cadena de DXP as&iacute; como la subsecuente reducci&oacute;n del aldeh&iacute;do resultante (NADPH-dependiente), a la forma 2-C-metil-d-eritritol 4-fosfato (MEP), el cual podr&iacute;a representar el primer intermediario comprometido en esta ruta metab&oacute;lica. Los pasos siguientes involucran la conversi&oacute;n del MEP en ME 2,4-ciclodifosfato v&iacute;a 4-difosfocitidil ME y 4-difosfocitidil ME 2-fosfato, los cuales por pasos a&uacute;n desconocidos que involucran la reducci&oacute;n y eliminaci&oacute;n de mol&eacute;culas de agua, dar&iacute;an origen a IPP y DMAPP, a partir de los cuales se siguen normalmente los pasos que se proponen para la ruta del AMV. </P >     <P   >Compartimentaci&oacute;n de la s&iacute;ntesis de terpenos </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P   >De manera general se puede indicar que los pasos metab&oacute;licos que conducen a la formaci&oacute;n del &aacute;cido meval&oacute;nico est&aacute;n catalizados por enzimas microsomales, mientras que la posterior transformaci&oacute;n del AMV en IPP, est&aacute; catalizada por enzimas solubles del citoplasma. Los mayores procesos del metabolismo terpenoide se registran a nivel subcelular. Los sesquiterpenos (C15), triterpenos (C30) y politerpenos son sintetizados en los compartimentos del RE y el citosol (Reigosa <I>et &aacute;l</I>., 2003), mientras que el isopreno, monoterpenos (C10), diterpenos (C20), tetraterpenos (C40) y ciertas quinonas se originan en los plastidios (Eisenreich <I>et &aacute;l</I>., 1998; Langenheim, 1994; Lichtenthaler, 1999). Buchanan <I>et &aacute;l</I>. (2000) indican que las evidencias actuales demuestran que la ruta biosint&eacute;tica para la formaci&oacute;n del IPP, difiere marcadamente en los compartimentos celulares, siendo la ruta del acetato-mevalonato activa en el citosol y el RE, en tanto que la ruta gliceraldeh&iacute;do fosfato-piruvato opera en plastidios. Los autores concluyen sin embargo que la regulaci&oacute;n de estas dos rutas puede ser dif&iacute;cil de estudiar dado que los plastidios pueden suministrar el IPP al citosol y viceversa. </P >     <P   >Conversi&oacute;n del <I>ent</I>-kaureno a glic&oacute;sidos de esteviol </P >     <P   > Brandle (1998), quien ha clonado y secuenciado el gen de estevia que codifica para la enzima <I>copalil pirofosfato sintasa</I>, responsable de la conversi&oacute;n de GGPP a CPP, afirma que la hidroxilaci&oacute;n del &aacute;cido <I>ent</I>-kauren&oacute;ico en la posici&oacute;n C13 es el punto de divergencia para la s&iacute;ntesis del esteviol y las giberelinas. Esta hidroxilaci&oacute;n, que requiere de NADPH y ox&iacute;geno molecular proveniente del estroma, es catalizada por la enzima <I>&aacute;cido ent-kaurenoico 13-</I>hidroxilasa. Kim <I>et &aacute;l</I>. (1996), indican que la formaci&oacute;n de esteviol (espina dorsal de los glic&oacute;sidos de diterpeno) a partir del &aacute;cido <I>ent</I>-kauren&oacute;ico (<I>ent</I>-KA), se da en el ret&iacute;culo endopl&aacute;smico. </P >     <P   > Seguidamente, en el aparato de golgi, cadenas laterales que contienen glucosa y/o ramnosa, se agregan al grupo alcohol del C13 y al grupo carboxilo del C19 del esteviol por acci&oacute;n de 2 <I>glucosil transferasas</I> (GTasa I y IIB), que catalizan la transferencia de la glucosa a los principales glic&oacute;sidos de esteviol, a partir de la ADP glucosa (Shibata <I>et &aacute;l.</I> 1995), y presentan un &oacute;ptimo de actividad a un pH de 6,5. La subunidad Mr 24.600 de la GTasa I, cataliza la transferencia de la glucosa a esteviol y esteviolmon&oacute;sido (compuestos intermediarios), pero no a otros esteviol-glic&oacute;sidos. La subunidad Mr 30.700 de la GTasa IIB, muestra una alta especificidad en la transferencia de las unidades de glucosa al esteviol para formar los principales edulcorantes; estevi&oacute;sido, rebaudi&oacute;sido A, rebaudi&oacute;sido  C, y dulc&oacute;sido A, los cuales van finalmente a las vacuolas. </P >     <P   >BIBLIOGRAFIA </P >     <!-- ref --><P   >BRANDLE J, RICHMAN A, SWANSON A, CHAPMAN B. Leaf ESTs from <I>Stevia rebaudiana</I>: A Resource for Gene Discovery in Diterpene Synthesis. 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