<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-5552</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Salud Uninorte]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Salud, Barranquilla]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-5552</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Universidad del Norte, División de Ciencias de la]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-55522018000200494</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14482/sun.34.2.615.32</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Antibiotic Resistance: Origins, evolution and healthcare-associated infections]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Resistencia a antibióticos: Origen, evolución e infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-Caycedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Inés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro-Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lisbeth Teresa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prada-Quiroga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Velandia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana Paola]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Boyacá  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>494</fpage>
<lpage>505</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-55522018000200494&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-55522018000200494&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-55522018000200494&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The increased incidences of Healthcare-associated Infections (HAI) caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, have led to an enlarged number of morbidity and mortality cases. Besides, other factors that are affected are patients, families and institutions providing health services. Therefore, the permanent study of the subject is necessary to identify possible strategies that contribute to the reduction of the issue. A critical review of the literature based on the origin of antibiotics, the evolution of their respective resistance, and the impact on public health from a historical and current perspective was developed. The search of the literature was carried out in the bibliographic databases: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, The Cochrane Library and Lilacs. The reviewed literature showed, from the historical viewpoint, the discovery of antibiotics to the last-generation antibiotics. The rapid coevolution of genes for antibiotics resistance and its subsequent spread to hundreds of species of microorganisms by Horizontal Transfer gene (HTG) was also reviewed. It is also discussed how the expansion in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) generates a series of factors that increase health-care associated infections care (HAI) and their impact on public health. The development of antibiotics from the discovery to recent changes in the behavior and response of the microorganisms with the generation of AMR shortly after, is one of the most fantastic examples of the evolution that exists in nature.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El aumento en la incidencia de infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud causada por microorganismos multiresistentes a antibióticos, han incrementado la morbilidad, mortalidad y otros factores que afectan a paciente, familias e instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud; por lo que se ha hecho necesario el estudio permanente del tema, para identificar posibles estrategias que contribuyan a disminuir la situación. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre el origen de los antibióticos, la evolución de su respectiva resistencia, el impacto en la salud pública; desde una perspectiva histórica y actual. La búsqueda de la literatura se realizó en las bases de datos bibliográficas: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, The Cochrane Library y Lilacs. El análisis de la literatura mostró desde el punto de vista histórico, el descubrimiento de los antibióticos hasta los últimos antibióticos de última generación, y la rápida coevolución de los genes de resistencia a los antibióticos y su posterior diseminación a cientos de especies de microorganismos mediante la Transferencia Horizontal de Genes (THG). También es discutido como el incremento de la resistencia a los antibióticos (RAM) genera una serie de factores que potencian las infecciones asocia de las a los cuidados de la salud (IACS) y su impacto en la salud pública. La historia desde el descubrimiento, los cambios en el comportamiento de uso de los antibióticos y la respuesta de los microorganismos con la generación de la RAM poco tiempo después, es uno de los ejemplos más fantásticos de coevolución que existe en la naturaleza.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Microbial Drug Resistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bacterial Genes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Infection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Horizontal Gene Transfer]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[History]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Resistencia microbiana a los medicamentos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[genes bacterianos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[infección]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Transferencia horizontal de genes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Historia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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