<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-6230</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev.fac.ing.univ. Antioquia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-6230</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-62302019000400092</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17533/udea.redin.20190517</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Analysis and characterization of PV module defects by thermographic inspection]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis y caracterización de defectos en módulos fotovoltaicos por medio de termografía infrarroja]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallardo-Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernádez-Callejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duque-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Óscar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Valladolid Facultad de Ingeniería Forestal, Ingeniería Agronómica y de la Industria de la Bioenergía (EIFAB) Departamento de Ingeniería Agropecuaria y Forestal]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Soria ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Valladolid Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Valladolid ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>93</numero>
<fpage>92</fpage>
<lpage>104</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-62302019000400092&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-62302019000400092&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-62302019000400092&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Being able to detect, to identify and to quantify the severity of defects that appear within photovoltaic modules is essential to constitute a reliable, efficient and safety system, avoiding energy losses, mismatches and safety issues. The main objective of this paper is to perform an in-depth, onsite study of 17,142 monocrystalline modules to detect every single existing defect, classifying them in different groups, studying the variance of the same kind of defect in different modules and the patterns of each group of thermal defects. Results can be useful in a subsequent development of a software to automatically detect if a module has an anomaly and its classification. Focusing on the results obtained, all faults detected have been classified in five different thermographic defects modes: hotspot in a cell, bypass circuit overheated, hotspot in the junction box, hotspot in the connection of the busbar to the junction box and whole module overheated. An analysis of patterns of the different defects is included, studiyng location within the module, size and temperature statistical results, as average temperature, standard deviation, maximum temperature, median and first and third quartile.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Ser capaz de detectar, identificar y cuantificar la gravedad de los defectos que aparecen en los módulos fotovoltaicos es esencial para constituir un sistema fiable, eficiente y seguro, evitando pérdidas de energía, desajustes y problemas de seguridad. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es realizar un estudio de 17.142 módulos monocristalinos para detectar cada defecto existente, clasificándolos en diferentes grupos, estudiando la varianza del mismo tipo de defecto en diferentes módulos y los patrones de cada grupo de defectos térmicos. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser útiles en el desarrollo posterior de un software de detección automática de anomalías en módulos y su clasificación. Atendiendo a los resultados obtenidos, los defectos detectados se han clasificado en cinco modos de fallo termográficos: sobrecalentamiento en celdas, en circuito bypass, en la caja de conexiones, en la conexión entre la barra colectora (busbar) y la caja de conexiones y en el módulo completo. Se incluye un análisis de patrones de los diferentes defectos, estudiando su ubicación dentro del módulo, tamaño y resultados estadísticos de temperatura, como temperatura promedio, desviación estándar, temperatura máxima, mediana y primer y tercer cuartil.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Photovoltaic energy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[photovoltaic efficiency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thermography]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thermal inspection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[module anomalies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Energía fotovoltaica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[eficiencia fotovoltaica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[termografía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inspección termográfica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[anomalías en módulos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>[1]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pellicer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A global perspective of smart cities: A survey]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 2013 Seventh International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>July 2013</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>439-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>[2]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Batty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Smart cities of the future]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The European Physical Journal Special Topics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>214</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>481-518</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>[3]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>REN21</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Renewables 2018, global status report]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Paris, France ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[REN21]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>[4]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myrzik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Energy efficiency in smart cities]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 2013 IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>Jul. 2013</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>[5]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skarmeta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. F. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Smart lighting solutions for smart cities]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 2013 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>Mar. 2013</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1374-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>[6]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Temmen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Smart metering for residential energy efficiency: The use of community based social marketing for behavioural change and smart grid introduction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable Energy]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<page-range>119-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>[7]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moses]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Iot based augmented perturb-and-observe soft switching boost converters for photovoltaic power systems in smart cities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Wireless Personal Communications]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>2619-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>[8]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Konstantopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexandridis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-linear voltage regulator design for dc/dc boost converters used in photovoltaic applications: analysis and experimental results]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IET Renewable Power Generation]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>296-308</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>[9]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ishaque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Syafaruddin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comprehensive matlab simulink pv system simulator with partial shading capability based on two-diode model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Solar Energy]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>2217-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>[10]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallardo-Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karlsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Simulation, validation and analysis of shading effects on a pv system]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Solar Energy]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>170</volume>
<page-range>828-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>[11]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cancelliere]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liciotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fire behaviour and performance of photovoltaic module backsheets]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Fire Technology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>333-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>[12]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mathew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuitche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TamizhMani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Test-to-failure of pv modules: Hotspot testing]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 2010 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>Jun. 2010</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>002 839-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>[13]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Technological review of the instrumentation used in aerial thermographic inspection of photovoltaic plants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<page-range>566-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>[14]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aghaei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gandelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grimaccia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Irreal-time analyses for pv system monitoring by digital image processing techniques]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 2015 International Conference on Event-based Control, Communication, and Signal Processing (EBCCSP)]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>Jun. 2015</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>[15]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dotenco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Automatic detection and analysis of photovoltaic modules in aerial infrared imagery]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 2016 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>Jun. 2016</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>[16]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsanakas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shakarchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Advanced inspection of photovoltaic installations by aerial triangulation and terrestrial georeferencing of thermal/visual imagery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable Energy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<page-range>224-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>[17]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallardo-Saavedra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Callejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duque-Perez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Image resolution influence in aerial thermographic inspections of photovoltaic plants]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>5678-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>[18]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis and characterization of thermographic defects at the pv module level]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ibero-American Congress on Information Management and Big Data]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>80-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>[19]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dhimish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holmes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mehrdadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mather]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Output-power enhancement for hot spotted polycrystalline photovoltaic solar cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>37-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>[20]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghanbari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hot spot detection and prevention using a simple method in photovoltaic panels]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IET Generation, Transmission Distribution]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>883-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>[21]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsanakas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buerhop]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Faults and infrared thermographic diagnosis in operating c-si photovoltaic modules: A review of research and future challenges]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<page-range>695-709</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>[22]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morlier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haase]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Köntges]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impact of cracks in multicrystalline silicon solar cells on pv module power-a simulation study based on field data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1735-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>[23]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Review on infrared and electroluminescence imaging for pv field applications]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Energy Agency]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>[24]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Köntges]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kajari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kunze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crack statistic for wafer-based silicon solar cell modules in the field measured by uv fluorescence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>95-101</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>[25]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giordano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrolati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carlo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Di]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Series-connection designs for dye solar cell modules]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>2759-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>[26]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niazi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hot-spot reduction and shade loss minimization in crystalline-silicon solar panels]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>033506</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>[27]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guerriero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tricoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daliento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A bypass circuit for avoiding the hot spot in pv modules]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Solar Energy]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>181</volume>
<page-range>430-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>[28]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Grid-connected photovoltaic generation plants: Components and operation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>6-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>[29]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Pv busbar. The PV Connect]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>[30]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sopori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Structural defects in laser crystallized silicon ribbons and their influence on photovoltaic behaviourf]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Electronic Materials]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>517-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>[31]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mäki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valkealahti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Power losses in long string and parallel-connected short strings of series-connected silicon-based photovoltaic modules due to partial shading conditions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>173-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>[32]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hasanuzzaman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of various parameters on pv-module power and efficiency]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Energy Conversion and Management]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<page-range>348-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>[33]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manganiello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vitelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A survey on mismatching and aging of pv modules: The closed loop]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>7276-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>[34]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yixian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. A. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Finite element thermal stress analysis of a solar photovoltaic module]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 2011 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2011</conf-date>
<conf-loc>Seattle, USA </conf-loc>
<page-range>3179-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>[35]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grzechca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rybka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Temich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Module&#8217;s overheating assessment with the use of supply current waveform analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IFAC-PapersOnLine]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>306-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>[36]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schacht]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Miniaturized black body radiator for ir-detector calibration - design and development]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 2010 16th International Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC)]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>Oct. 2010</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>[37]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>I. E. A. photovoltaic power systems programme</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Review of failures of photovoltaic modules]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Energy Agency]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>[38]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reexamination of photovoltaic hot spotting to show inadequacy of the bypass diode]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1435-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>[39]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pandian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bansal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thiruvadigal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakthivel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fire hazards and overheating caused by shading faults on photo voltaic solar panel]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Fire Technology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>349-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
