<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-6230</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev.fac.ing.univ. Antioquia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-6230</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-62302021000300010</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17533/udea.redin.20201214</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Esterification of rosin with methyl alcohol for fuel applications]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Esterificación de colofonia para aplicaciones como combustible]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Duban F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bustamante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Felipe]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aída Luz]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alarcón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edwin A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia Facultad de Ingeniería Departamento de Ingeniería Química]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>100</numero>
<fpage>10</fpage>
<lpage>20</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-62302021000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-62302021000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-62302021000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Oleoresin is obtained via tapping of pine trees and as a by-product of Kraft process in the pulp industry. Because of its low production cost, it is an attractive source for biofuels. Oleoresin is composed mainly of rosin (around 80%, a solid mixture of isomeric abietic acids), and it cannot be used directly as fuel in engines. However, the methyl ester of rosin has lower boiling and melting points than rosin, and it is highly soluble in hydrocarbons. Esterification of rosin with methyl alcohol was evaluated over acid and basic heterogeneous catalysts in the presence of several solvents. In contrast to acid catalysts, basic materials were active in the reaction. In particular, a low-cost calcium-based material showed the best performance. A 55% conversion of rosin with complete selectivity to methyl esters was obtained with 40% wt. loading of the calcium-based material (respect to rosin), under mild conditions (atmospheric pressure, 64 °C and 3.5 h) and without solvent. Other catalysts, such as magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, and alumina, achieved up to 30% conversion. Calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide were the main phases in the calcium-based material, suggesting that the strength of basic sites can be an important property of the catalyst activity. A calcium-based material was used in five reaction cycles, obtaining a significant reduction in the activity attributed to the leaching of some phases of the catalyst.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La oleorresina es obtenida mediante la extracción de los árboles de pino o como un subproducto del proceso Kraft para la obtención de papel. Su bajo costo de producción la convierte en un buen candidato para ser materia prima en la obtención de biocombustibles. La oleorresina está compuesta por colofonia (alrededor del 80%, que es una mezcla de isómeros del ácido abiético), la cual no puede usarse directamente en motores de combustión. Por su parte, los ésteres de colofonia poseen menor temperatura de ebullición y fusión, además de alta solubilidad en hidrocarburos. La metil-esterificación de colofonia fue evaluada sobre catalizadores ácidos y básicos, y en presencia de varios solventes. A diferencia de los catalizadores ácidos, los básicos mostraron actividad en la reacción. Particularmente, un material cálcico de bajo costo mostró el mejor desempeño con una conversión de 55% y selectividad completa hacia los metil-ésteres cargado a 40% en peso respecto a la colofonia, a condiciones suaves de reacción (presión atmosférica, 64 °C y 3,5 horas) y sin presencia de solvente. Se encontró que las fases principales del material cálcico fueron el carbonato e hidróxido de calcio, sugiriendo que la fuerza de los sitios básicos juega un papel importante en la reacción. Este material cálcico fue usado en cinco ciclos de reacción, obteniendo una reducción significativa de su actividad en la reacción, atribuida a una posible lixiviación de algunas fases del catalizdor.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hydrocarbons]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acidity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chromatographic analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[materials science]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[calcium]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hidrocarburos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acidez]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis cromatográfico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ciencia de los materiales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[calcio]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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