<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0120-9965</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Colombiana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. colomb.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0120-9965</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Agronomía]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0120-99652019000100028</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15446/agron.colomb.v37n1.70545</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Physicochemical characteristics of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) soils in Colombia: Are they adequate to improve productivity?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Características fisicoquímicas de los suelos con cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en Colombia: ¿Están adecuados para mejorar la productividad?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Clara Esperanza]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas-Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jairo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castilla-Campos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Santander]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tumaco Nariño]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>28</fpage>
<lpage>38</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0120-99652019000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0120-99652019000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0120-99652019000100028&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT In Colombia, cacao farms are located mainly in areas with edaphoclimatic limitations. The predominant soil fertility characteristics from small cacao farms in 13 provinces were evaluated. A total of 635 soil samples (0-20 cm) were taken between 2011 and 2013 from the main cacao producer regions in Colombia. The number of samples was assigned based on the regional cacao production. The resulting data were analyzed with a linear regression model using pH as the dependent variable and soil chemical and physical parameters as the independent variables. Soil texture ranged between 14 and 40% clay, and 31 and 65% sand. Bulk density ranged between 1.07 and 1.28 Mg m-3 with a calculated porosity between 48.8 and 55.0%. There was no evidence of soil compaction. The national pH ranged between 3.9 and 7.9 and was negatively correlated with Al+3 content (R2 = 0.68) and Al saturation (R2 = 0.80) and redicts Al saturation in the range of available Al up to pH &gt;5.2-5.5. In this range, available P (as P2O5) was lower than 12 mg kg-1 and was accepted as a minimum value for a sustainable production. With 4.0 cmolc kg-1 of Ca and 60% saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC). A minimum ECEC is proposed at 6.0 cmolc kg-1. A reference table for soils in Colombia is proposed as a guide for the establishment and management of productive and sustainable plantations.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN En Colombia, el cultivo de cacao está establecido en su mayoría en áreas con limitaciones edafoclimáticas. Se evaluaron las condiciones prevalentes de fertilidad de los suelos en 13 departamentos tomando 635 muestras durante 2011 al 2013, de las condiciones químico-físicas del suelo (0-20 cm) en las principales zonas productoras de Colombia asignando el número de muestras según la producción regional. Los datos fueron analizados mediante un modelo de regresión lineal utilizando como variable dependiente el pH y las independientes las variables químicas y físicas del suelo. La textura varió entre 14 y 40% de arcilla y 31 y 65% de arena. La densidad aparente varió entre 1.07 y 1.28 Mg m-3 con porosidad total calculada entre 48,8 y 55% sin problemas de compactación. El pH al nivel nacional varió entre 3.9 y 7.9, y estuvo negativamente correlacionado con el contenido de Al +3 (R2 = 0.68), y la saturación de Al (R2 = 0.80) y predice linealmente la saturación de Al en el rango de Al disponible en pH &gt;5.2-5.5. En este rango de pH el P disponible (as P2O5) no superó 12 mg kg-1, que es el nivel sugerido como el mínimo requerido para producciones sostenibles. Con 4.0 cmolc kg-1 de Ca y 60% de saturación de la CICE se propone una CICE mínima de 6.0 cmolc kg-1. Se propone una tabla de referencia como guía para el establecimiento y el manejo de plantaciones productivas y sostenibles.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[yield]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[fertilization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mineral nutrition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[zoning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[producción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fertilización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nutrición mineral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[zonificación]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Carrillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Contribución de esquemas de fertilización orgánica y convencional al crecimiento y producción de Theobroma cacao L. bajo arreglo agroforestal en Rivera (Huila, Colombia)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Corpoica Cienc. Tecnol. Agropec]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>307-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arévalo-Gardini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alegre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juica]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baligar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changes in soil physical and chemical properties in long term improved natural and traditional agroforestry management systems of cacao genotypes in Peruvian Amazon]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PloS ONE]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baquero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Federación Nacional de cacaoteros Fondo nacional de cacao]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Memorias del V Seminario Internacional de Cacao - Aromas de Paz]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cations and cation exchange capacity fact sheets]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ecophysiology of the cacao tree]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Braz. J. Plant Physiol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>425-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltrán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La cadena del cacao en Colombia: una mirada global de su estructura y dinámica 1991-2005]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Minagricultura, Bogota]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fageria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baligar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ameliorating soil acidity of tropical oxisols by liming for sustainable crop production]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Adv. Agron]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<page-range>345-99</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Fedecacao</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La productividad es el camino]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Colombia Cacaotera]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>1-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Fedecacao</collab>
<source><![CDATA[ICCO ratifica a Colombia como país exportador de cacao fino y de aroma]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero-Carrascal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortíz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Caracterización y zonificación de áreas potenciales para el cultivo del cacao en Colombia: dirección de cadenas productivas cadena de cacao-chocolate]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogota ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CORPOICA, FEDECACAO, MADR]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Cáceres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perdomo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beltrán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characterization of the supply and value chains of Colombian cocoa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[DYNA]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>187</numero>
<issue>187</issue>
<page-range>30-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hartemink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nutrient stocks, nutrient cycling, and soil changes in cocoa ecosystems: a review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Adv. Agron]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>86</volume>
<page-range>227-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>ICCO- International Cocoa Organization</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cocoa Year 2015/16]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quarterly bulletin of cocoa statistics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>1-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaimes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aránzazu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Behavior of introduced regional clones of Theobroma cacao toward the infection Moniliophthora roreri in three different regions of Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agron. Colomb]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>361-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palencia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramirez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Zonificación de tierras por su aptitud para el cultivo de cacao en los municipios del occidente de Boyacá]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bucaramanga, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CORPOICA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paramanathan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Soils of Malaysia: Their characteristics and identification]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Akademi Sains]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petterson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sustainability evaluations and development challenges of cacao farms a minor field study in Huila]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Colombia, Sweden ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Õrebo University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puentes-Paramo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menjivar-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aranzazu-Hernandez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Eficiencias en el uso de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio en clones de cacao (Theobroma cacao L)]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>99-106</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ribeiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mielke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pires]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baligar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aluminum effects on growth, photosynthesis, and mineral nutrition of cacao genotypes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Plant Nutr]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1161-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosas-Patiño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puentes-Páramo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menjivar-Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relación entre el pH y la disponibilidad de nutrientes para cacao en un entisol de la Amazonia colombiana]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Corpoica Cienc. Tecnol. Agropec]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>529-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snoeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joffre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bastide]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jagoret]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cacao nutrition and fertilization]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lichtfouse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sustainable Agriculture Review]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wessel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fertilizer requirements of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[South-Western Nigeria]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<page-range>104</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
