<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-0319</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Medicas UIS]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Medicas UIS]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-0319</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Industrial de Santander]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-03192023000100009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18273/revmed.v36n1-2023001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Características de pacientes con exacerbación aguda grave de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica que requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva en un hospital de Santander durante 2014-2020]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Characteristics of patients with severe acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who required invasive mechanical ventilation in a Santander hospital during 2014-2020]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Centeno-Hurtado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Katherine Tatiana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Bohórquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masías-León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yuderleys]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Criado-Villamizar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza-Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tania]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fajardo-Rivero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario de Santander  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Industrial de Santander  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Industrial de Santander  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Industrial de Santander  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Industrial de Santander  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Industrial de Santander  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af7">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario de Santander  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af8">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario de Santander  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bucaramanga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<lpage>19</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-03192023000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-03192023000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-03192023000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es una limitación del flujo de aire por anomalías alveolares. En una exacerbación aguda, la ventilación mecánica no invasiva es la primera línea en el manejo, sin embargo, existen ciertos factores de riesgo que hacen más probable el uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva en estos pacientes, que no están apropiadamente descritos en la literatura científica y que pueden guiar hacia una elección de soporte ventilatorio apropiado.  Objetivo: describir los factores que se asociaron con mayor necesidad de ventilación mecánica no invasiva en una cohorte de pacientes hospitalizados con exacerbación aguda de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.  Métodos: estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal, con muestreo no probabilístico que incluye todos los pacientes que consultaron a urgencias y fueron hospitalizados por exacerbación aguda de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en un hospital de tercer nivel de Santander, Colombia, durante el período 2014-2020.  Resultados: fueron incluidos 81 pacientes, 36 requirieron ventilación mecánica no invasiva y 12 ventilación mecánica invasiva; 25 % de los pacientes con ventilación mecánica no invasiva fallaron a la terapia inicial y demandaron el uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial (70,3 %) y cardiopatía (49,38 %); 70 % había tenido exposición al tabaquismo como fumador directo.  Conclusiones: el uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva estuvo relacionado de forma estadísticamente significativa en pacientes con perfil de disnea severa, acidosis por parámetros gasométricos, escalamiento antibiótico, uso de corticoides intravenosos, requerimiento de unidad de cuidado intensivo, infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud y estancia hospitalaria prolongada.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is airflow limitation due to alveolar abnormalities. In an acute exa- cerbation, non-invasive mechanical ventilation is the first line of management, however, there are certain risk factors that make the use of invasive mechanical ventilation more likely in these patients, which are not adequately described in the scientific literature and that can guide towards a choice of appropriate ventilatory support.  Objective: To describe the factors that were associated with an increased need for invasive mechanical ventilation in a cohort of hospitalized patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.  Methods: Cross-sectional analytical observational study, with non-probabilistic sampling including all patients who consulted the emergency room and were hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a tertiary care hospital in Santander-Colombia during the period 2014-2020.  Results: 81 patients were included, 36 required non-invasive mechanical ventilation and 12 invasive me- chanical ventilation. 25 % of the patients with non-invasive mechanical ventilation failed the initial therapy and demanded the use of invasive mechanical ventilation. The most frequent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (70.3 %) and heart disease (49.38 %). 70 % had been exposed to smoking as direct smokers.  Conclusions: The use of invasive mechanical ven- tilation was associated in a statistically significant way in patients with a profile of: severe dyspnea, acidosis by gasometric parameters, antibiotic escalation, use of intravenous corticosteroids, intensive care unit requirement, infections associa- ted with health care and prolonged hospital stay.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Recurrencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Respiración Artificial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cuidados Críticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Soporte Ventilatorio Interactivo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Recurrence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pulmonary Disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chronic Obstructive]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Respiration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Artificial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Critical Care]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Interactive Ventilatory Support]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND PREVENTION OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (2022 REPORT)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trends in prevalence and incidence of chronic respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2017]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Respir Res]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>GBD 2015 Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Respir Med]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>691-706</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Celli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wedzicha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Update on Clinical Aspects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>381</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
<page-range>1257-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mannino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buist]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>370</volume>
<numero>9589</numero>
<issue>9589</issue>
<page-range>765-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-Duque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaramillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolívar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanabria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osorio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of COPD in five Colombian cities situated at low, medium, and high altitude (PREPOCOL study)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chest]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>133</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>343-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ritchie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wedzicha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, and Consequences of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Chest Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>421-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hurst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skolnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anzueto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donaldson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dransfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Understanding the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations on patient health and quality of life]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Intern Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viniol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vogelmeier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Exacerbations of COPD]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Respir Rev]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>147</numero>
<issue>147</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whittaker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Müllerová]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varghese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Frequency and Severity of Exacerbations of COPD Associated with Future Risk of Exacerbations and Mortality: A UK Routine Health Care Data Study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>427-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mathioudakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Janssens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sivapalan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singanayagam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dransfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: in search of diagnostic biomarkers and treatable traits]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Thorax]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>520-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osadnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carson-Chahhoud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Picot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wedzicha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wedzicha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Co-Chair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ers]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miravitlles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hurst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calverley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anzueto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of COPD exacerbations: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Respir J]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Owen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elliot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Early use of non- invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>355</volume>
<numero>9219</numero>
<issue>9219</issue>
<page-range>1931-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicolini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrari-Bravo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del Forno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sclifò]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Noninvasive ventilation for hypercapnic exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: factors related to noninvasive ventilation failure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pol Arch Med Wewn]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>124</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>525-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wakatsuki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sadler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in Acute Exacerbation of COPD: Prognostic Indicators to Support Clinical Decision Making]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Intensive Care Soc]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>238-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stefan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nathanson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Higgins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steingrub]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lagu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rothberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparative Effectiveness of Noninvasive and Invasive Ventilation in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1386-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Appendini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patessio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Exacerbations of COPD: The Role of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vincent]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>3-9</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ambrosino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vagheggini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-invasive ventilation in exacerbations of COPD]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>471-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delclos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanania]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camargo Jr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparative effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation vs invasive mechanical ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with acute respiratory failure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Hosp Med]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>165-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Confalonieri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garuti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cattaruzza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osborn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Antonelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[chart of failure risk for noninvasive ventilation in patients with COPD exacerbation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Respir J]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>348-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steriade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sargarovschi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Necula]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tudose]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ionita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predictors of outcome of noninvasive ventilation in severe COPD exacerbation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Pulm Med]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>131</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, PaCO2, and noninvasive mechanical ventilation failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medicine (Baltimore)]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>17</numero>
<issue>17</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ambrosino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foglio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nava]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vitacca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-invasive mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: correlates for success]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Thorax]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>755-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scarpazza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Incorvaia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[di Franco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raschi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Usai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernareggi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effect of noninvasive mechanical ventilation in elderly patients with hypercapnic acute-on-chronic respiratory failure and a do-not-intubate order]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>797-801</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nava]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grassi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fanfulla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domenighetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carlucci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-invasive ventilation in elderly patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure: a randomised controlled trial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Age Ageing]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>444-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stefan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shieh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pekow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rothberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lindenauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trends in Mechanical Ventilation Among Patients Hospitalized With Acute Exacerbations of COPD in the United States, 2001 to 2011]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chest]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>147</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>959-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santamaria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robayo-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bautista-Granados]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factors Associated with a Prolonged Hospital Lenght of Stay in a Population of Patients with Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Reference Hospital in Northeastern Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Am Med Resp]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>321-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morantes-Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fajardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of air pollution on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a descriptive retrospective study (pol-AECOPD)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>1549-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cydulka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rowe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Emerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rimm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camargo Jr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender differences in emergency department patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acad Emerg Med]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1173-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
