<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-0807</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de la Universidad Industrial de Santander. Salud]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander. Salud]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-0807</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Industrial de Santander]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-08072025000100022</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18273/saluduis.57.e:25v57a06</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Unraveling the infodemic: The role of WhatsApp amid COVID-19 misinformation in Mexico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Desentrañando la infodemia: El rol de WhatsApp en la desinformación sobre COVID-19 en México]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres-Pereda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pilar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dreser-Mansilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anahí]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anaya-Sanchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Escalera-Ulloa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonzalez-Vazquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tonatiuh Tomas]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hegewisch-Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Millan-Garduño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wirtz J.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Veronika]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cuernavaca ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of California  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Berkeley ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitat Rovira i Virgili  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tarragona ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Catalán de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (ICREA)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Boston University School of Public Health  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Boston ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>57</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-08072025000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-08072025000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-08072025000100022&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction Information epidemics, called "infodemics", are common during health emergencies. Social media and in particular WhatsApp notably spread mis/disinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic; the use of these disinformation channels has persisted and continues to expand.  Objective: This study critically analyses the infodemic discourses disseminated on WhatsApp in Mexico during the first three months of the pandemic, providing insights into the nature of these discourses and highlighting key elements for enhancing responses to infodemics.  Methodology: We conducted a mixed-methods study and collected a convenience sample of 124 qualitative observations consisting of WhatsApp messages. A descriptive quantitative, and thematic qualitative analysis was conducted using an infodemics framework and categorizing by topic, type, and authorship.  Results: Out of the 107 messages analyzed, most were fabricated (43%), misleading (34%), or impostered (19%). Conspiracy as an argumentative thread was a key qualitative finding across all themes and explained the infodemic from different angles. A conceptual map of conspiracy in health and detailed dendrograms explain the mis/disinformation on topics such as virus origin, prevention, and care in infodemics. False medical authorship attributes authority and credibility to the messages, and self-medication with non-proven remedies was a key recommendation.  Conclusions: The findings reveal types of mis/disinformation shared during the pandemic, highlight main public health concerns, and reveal conspiratorial narratives and their mechanisms of dissemination in Mexico and Latin America. Understanding WhatsApp discourse can guide effective institutional and AI-driven interventions and public policies for future health emergencies.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: Las epidemias de información, denominadas «infodemias», son habituales durante las emergencias sanitarias. Las redes sociales y en particular WhatsApp difundieron notablemente desinformación durante la pandemia de COVID-19; el uso de estos canales de desinformación ha continuado y se está ampliando.  Objetivo: Este estudio analiza críticamente los discursos infodémicos difundidos en WhatsApp en México durante los tres primeros meses de la pandemia, proporcionando información sobre la naturaleza de estos discursos y destacando elementos clave para mejorar las respuestas a la infodemia.  Metodología: Realizamos un estudio con métodos mixtos y recogimos una muestra de conveniencia de 124 observaciones cualitativas como mensajes en WhatsApp. Se realizó un análisis cuantitativo descriptivo y cualitativo temático utilizando un marco infodémico y categorizando por tema, tipo y autoría.  Resultados: Se analizaron 107 mensajes. La mayoría de los mensajes eran fabricados (43%), engañosos (34%) o falsificados (19%). La conspiración como hilo argumental fue un hallazgo cualitativo clave en todos los temas y explicó la infodemia desde distintos ángulos. Un mapa conceptual de la conspiración en salud y dendrogramas detallados explican la desinformación sobre temas como el origen de los virus, la prevención y los cuidados en la infodemia. La falsa autoría médica atribuye autoridad y credibilidad a los mensajes, y la automedicación con remedios no probados fue una recomendación clave.  Conclusiones: Los hallazgos revelan tipos de desinformación compartidos durante la pandemia, destacan las principales preocupaciones de salud del público y revelan narrativas conspirativas y sus mecanismos de difusión en México y América Latina. Comprender las señales de credibilidad de los mensajes de WhatsApp puede orientar intervenciones institucionales basadas en IA, así como políticas públicas eficaces para futuras emergencias sanitarias.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Infodemic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[WhatsApp]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Social Networking]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Health Behavior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Health Policy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Infodemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Covid-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[WhatsApp]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Red Social]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Comportamiento Sanitario]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Política Sanitaria]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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