<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-1129</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Facultad de Ingeniería]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Fac. ing.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-1129</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-11292020000100027</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19053/01211129.v29.n54.2020.11528</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ultrasound Applied in the Reduction of Viscosity of Heavy Crude Oil]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Ultrasonido aplicado en la reducción de viscosidad del crudo pesado]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Ultrassom aplicado na redução de viscosidade do bruto pesado]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olaya-Escobar Ph. D]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David-Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintana-Jiménez Ph. D]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonardo-Augusto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Jiménez Ph. D]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edgar-Emir]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olaya-Escobar Ph. D]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erika-Sofia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería &#8220;Julio Garavito&#8221;  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>54</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-11292020000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-11292020000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-11292020000100027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Reducing the viscosity of heavy oil through upgrading techniques is crucial to maintaining the demand for oil, which is growing at an annual rate of 1.8%. The phenomenon of acoustic cavitation occurs when ultrasound is applied in the treatment of heavy crudes. This is an emerging technology that is being developed to improve the physical and chemical properties of highly viscous crudes, which facilitates handling, increases the proportion of light factions, and improves their price in the market. Taking into account that it does not yet operate on an industrial scale, a bibliographic review of the advances in acoustic cavitation technology with ultrasound for the improvement of heavy crude is justified, to contribute to the development of its industrial application by identifying new approaches and research guidelines in engineering and science. The objective of this article is to show the advance of said technology and describe the experiments carried out by various authors. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted with documents published from 1970 to 2020, which were compiled through a systematic search in academic databases. As a result of this review, some conceptual gaps and deficiencies in the phenomenological foundation were found, which explain the current difficulties to implement experimental tests and design the process at larger scales. These deficiencies limit the quality and repeatability of the results. A need was also identified to focus the efforts on a systematic experimentation that fulfills the laboratory and pilot plant phases, which are essential to take these technologies to an industrial scale.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La reducción de la viscosidad del crudo pesado mediante técnicas de mejoramiento es crucial para mantener la demanda de petróleo, que crece a una tasa anual de 1.8 %. El fenómeno de la cavitación acústica ocurre cuando el ultrasonido es aplicado en el tratamiento de crudos pesados. Esta es una tecnología emergente que se está desarrollando para mejorar las propiedades físicas y químicas de crudos altamente viscosos, lo cual facilita el manejo, aumenta la proporción de facciones livianas y mejora su precio en el mercado. Teniendo en cuenta que aún no opera a escala industrial, se justifica una revisión de literatura de los avances de la tecnología de cavitación acústica con ultrasonido para mejoramiento de crudo pesado, con el fin de contribuir con el desarrollo de su aplicación industrial mediante la identificación de nuevos enfoques y lineamientos de investigación en ingeniería y ciencias. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar el avance de la tecnología y describir los experimentos realizados por diversos autores. Para ello, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los documentos que han sido publicados desde 1970 hasta 2020, dichos documentos se recopilaron mediante una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos académicas. Como resultado de esta revisión, se encontraron algunos vacíos conceptuales y carencias en fundamentación fenomenológica, que explican las dificultades actuales para implementar tests experimentales y diseñar el proceso a escalas mayores. Estas carencias limitan la calidad y repetitividad en los resultados. También se identificó la necesidad de concentrar los esfuerzos en experimentación sistemática que cumpla con las fases de laboratorio y planta piloto, aspectos esenciales para llevar estas tecnologías a escala industrial.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo A redução da viscosidade do bruto pesado mediante técnicas de melhoramento é crucial para manter a demanda de petróleo, que cresce a uma taxa anual de 1.8 %. O fenômeno da cavitação acústica ocorre quando o ultrassom é aplicado no tratamento de brutos pesados. Esta é uma tecnologia emergente que se está desenvolvendo para melhorar as propriedades físicas e químicas de brutos altamente viscosos, o qual facilita o manejo, aumenta a proporção de facções leves e melhora seu preço no mercado. Tendo em conta que ainda não opera em escala industrial, justifica-se uma revisão de literatura dos avanços da tecnologia de cavitação acústica com ultrassom para melhoramento de bruto pesado, com o fim de contribuir com o desenvolvimento de sua aplicação industrial mediante a identificação de novos enfoques e lineamentos de pesquisa em engenharia e ciências. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar o avanço da tecnologia e descrever os experimentos realizados por diversos autores. Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica dos documentos que têm sido publicados desde 1970 até 2020, tais documentos recopilaram-se mediante uma busca sistemática em bases de dados acadêmicas. Como resultado desta revisão, encontraram-se alguns vazios conceituais e carências em fundamentação fenomenológica, que explicam as dificuldades atuais para implementar testes experimentais e desenhar o processo em escalas maiores. Estas carências limitam a qualidade e repetitividade nos resultados. Também se identificou a necessidade de concentrar os esforços em experimentação sistemática que cumpra com as fases de laboratório e planta piloto, aspectos essenciais para levar estas tecnologias à escala industrial.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acoustic cavitation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[asphaltenes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[heavy oil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[oil upgrading]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[petroleum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sonochemistry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ultrasound]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[asfaltenos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cavitación acústica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crudo pesado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mejoramiento de crudo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[petróleo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sonoquímica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ultrasonido]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[asfaltenos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[cavitação acústica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[bruto pesado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[melhoramento de bruto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[petróleo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[sonoquímica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[ultrassom]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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