<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-1617</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Historia Crítica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[hist.crit.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-1617</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Historia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-16172019000300021</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7440/histcrit73.2019.02</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Artesanos, cartografía e imperio. La producción social de un instrumento náutico en el mundo ibérico, 1500-1650]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Craftsmen, Cartography and Empire. The Social Production of a Nautical Instrument in the Iberian World, 1500-1650]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Artesãos, cartografia e império. A produção social de um instrumento náutico no mundo ibérico, 1500-1650]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>73</numero>
<fpage>21</fpage>
<lpage>41</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-16172019000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-16172019000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-16172019000300021&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Objetivo/contexto:  Explicar cómo y en qué condiciones fueron construidos algunos de los instrumentos científicos más emblemáticos del mundo moderno sigue siendo un desafío para los historiadores de la ciencia y de la tecnología. Este principio afecta también a los instrumentos náuticos. Así, el objetivo del presente artículo es considerar el &#8220;cómo&#8221; y el &#8220;en qué condiciones&#8221;, en un sentido amplio, analizando uno de estos artefactos: las cartas náuticas construidas durante la expansión marítima europea.  Originalidad:  La originalidad del texto no reside únicamente en llevar a cabo una reconstrucción de este instrumento en Portugal y España que aporte nuevos datos sobre su proceso de fabricación y sus fabricantes, sino también en arrojar luz sobre antiguos debates historiográficos que subyacen a la génesis de la ciencia moderna, tales como la difícil colaboración entre hombres prácticos y hombres teóricos; la aportación de comunidades de artesanos al mundo del conocimiento; el papel que los saberes prácticos tuvieron en el establecimiento de nuevas formas de estandarización en ciencia; la adopción de una metodología empírica para el dominio del mundo o la construcción de grandes imperios globales cimentados sobre la base del trabajo manual.  Metodología:  El análisis de estos debates requiere una aproximación metodológica que atienda a las categorías y los conceptos principales puestos en circulación tanto por la historia como por la filosofía de la ciencia más reciente. En definitiva, se trata de atender a las condiciones que permitieron el establecimiento de acuerdos (y también de controversias) epistemológicos entre diferentes comunidades de conocimiento tomando un instrumento náutico como &#8220;mediador&#8221;.  Conclusiones:  El artículo concluye que la consideración de las culturas empíricas del conocimiento y sus realizaciones materiales son una condición sine qua non para entender la génesis de la modernidad científica europea y la construcción de un mundo global.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Objective/context:  Explaining how and under what conditions some of the most emblematic scientific instruments of the modern world were built remains a challenge for historians of science and technology. This principle also affects nautical instruments. Thus, the objective of this article is to consider the &#8220;how&#8221; and the &#8220;under what conditions&#8221;, in a broad sense, by examining one of these devices: the nautical charts developed during the European maritime expansion.  Originality:  The originality of this article lies not only in the reconstruction of this instrument in Portugal and Spain, providing new information about its development process and its manufacturers, but also in shedding light on old historiographical debates that underlie the genesis of modern science, such as the difficult collaboration between practical men and theoretical men; the contribution of artisan communities to the world of knowledge; the role that practical knowledge played in the establishment of new forms of standardization in science; the adoption of an empirical methodology for achieving mastery of the world or the construction of large global empires founded upon manual labor.  Methodology:  Analyzing these debates requires a methodological approach that addresses the main categories and concepts put into circulation by the most recent history and philosophy of science. In short, unveiling the conditions that enabled the establishment of epistemological agreements (and also disputes) between different knowledge communities by taking a nautical instrument as &#8220;mediator.&#8221;  Conclusions:  The article concludes that examining empirical knowledge cultures and their material achievements are a sine qua non condition to understand the genesis of European scientific modernity and the construction of a global world.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  Objetivo/contexto:  Explicar como e em que condições foram construídos alguns dos instrumentos científicos mais emblemáticos do mundo moderno continua sendo um desafio para os historiadores da ciência e da tecnologia. Esse princípio afeta também os instrumentos náuticos. Assim, o objetivo do presente artigo é considerar o &#8220;como&#8221; e o &#8220;em que condições&#8221;, em um sentido amplo, e analisar um desses artefatos: as cartas náuticas construídas durante a expansão marítima europeia.  Originalidade: A originalidade do texto não reside unicamente na realização de uma reconstrução desse instrumento em Portugal e na Espanha de forma que traga novos dados sobre seu processo de fabricação e de seus fabricantes, mas também em lançar luz sobre antigos debates historiográficos que subjazem à gênese da ciência moderna, tais como a difícil colaboração entre homens práticos e homens teóricos, a contribuição de comunidades de artesãos ao mundo do conhecimento; o papel que os saberes práticos tiveram no estabelecimento de novas formas de padronização na ciência, a adoção de uma metodologia empírica para o domínio do mundo ou a construção de grandes impérios globais cimentados sobre a base do trabalho manual.  Metodologia: A análise desses debates requer uma aproximação metodológica que atenda às categorias e aos principais conceitos colocados em circulação tanto pela história quanto pela filosofia da ciência mais recente. Definitivamente, trata-se de atender às condições que permitiram o estabelecimento de acordos (e também de controvérsias) epistemológicos entre diferentes comunidades de conhecimento tomando o instrumento náutico como &#8220;mediador&#8221;.  Conclusões: O artigo conclui que a consideração das culturas empíricas do conhecimento e suas realizações materiais são uma condição sine qua non para entender a gênese da modernidade científica europeia e a construção de um mundo global.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Atlántico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[carta náutica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[imperio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Lisboa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sevilla.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Atlantic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nautical chart]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Empire]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Lisbon]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Seville.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Atlântico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[carta náutica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[império]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Lisboa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Sevilha.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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</article>
