<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-1617</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Historia Crítica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[hist.crit.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-1617</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Historia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-16172019000400041</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7440/histcrit74.2019.03</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Del caballo a la electricidad: imaginario ambiental y tecnológico en la transformación del sistema tranviario chileno a fines del siglo XIX]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[From Horse to Electricity: An Environmental and Technological Outlook in the Transformation of the Tram System in Chile towards the End of the Nineteenth Century]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Do cavalo à eletricidade: imaginário ambiental e tecnológico na transformação do sistema ferroviário chileno no final do século XIX]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prudant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elisabet]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Santiago de Chile  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>74</numero>
<fpage>41</fpage>
<lpage>64</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-16172019000400041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-16172019000400041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-16172019000400041&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen.  Objetivo/Contexto:  Este artículo analiza la dimensión ambiental del debate que justificó, a fines del siglo XIX, el reemplazo de la tracción animal por la electromotriz en los tranvías de Santiago de Chile. Así, el objetivo es profundizar en la correlación entre uso de recursos energéticos y progreso urbano, a través del estudio de la modernización del sistema de locomoción colectiva de la capital chilena.  Metodología: A partir de información proporcionada por periódicos, documentos técnicos, municipales y empresariales, se plantea que las consecuencias negativas que acarreaba el empleo de caballos para la movilidad de los habitantes de la ciudad repercutieron en la legitimación tecnológica y cultural de la explotación de recursos hídricos para la producción de electricidad.  Originalidad: En un contexto proclive a la expulsión de los animales del entorno urbano y su sustitución por nuevas formas de propulsión, en Santiago se conjugaron el anuncio de inversiones trasnacionales en la industria de la electrotecnia, la circulación de discursos médicos e higienistas y la difusión de un imaginario urbano burgués. Así, la electricidad sustituiría la tracción animal en la red tranviaria, lo que condujo a resignificar la contribución de la naturaleza a la urbanización y a la industrialización del país.  Conclusiones:  Los cursos de agua de la zona central de Chile se convirtieron en la nueva fuente de fuerza motriz necesaria para cambiar la cara tradicional de Santiago, proceso que condujo a transformarla en una metrópolis moderna y cosmopolita. Si bien la élite urbana favoreció el proceso de aplicación de la electricidad al sistema de transporte público, también existieron actores que disintieron de su contribución y que, en contraste, manifestaban temores y desconfianzas respecto a los beneficios que esa tecnología traería a la población, en especial, a los habitantes más pobres.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Summary.  Objective/Context:  This article analyzes the environmental dimension of the debate that prompted the replacing of the tramway system from animal-drawn trams for electrical ones in Santiago de Chile towards the end of the nineteenth century. The objective is to delve into the correlation between the use of energy resources and urban progress through the study of the modernization of the collective locomotive system in Chile&#8217;s capital.  Methodology: Based on data from newspapers, technical, business and municipal documents, it is argued that the negative consequences of horse use for inhabitants&#8217; transportation in the city had an impact on the technological and cultural legitimacy on the exploitation of hydric resources for energy production.  Originality: In a context prone to the removal of animals from the urban setting and its subsequent substitution for new means of transport, Santiago was the site of the coalescing of transnational investors in the tecno-electric industry, the circulation of medical and sanitary discourses and the spreading of a bourgeois urban imaginary. Thus, electricity would replace animal-driven means in the tramway system, which led to the re-signifying of nature&#8217;s contribution to urbanization and the industrialization of the country.  Conclusions:  The water ways in central Chile became the much-needed new source for locomotive energy that would change the traditional image of Santiago. This process led to its transformation into a modern and international metropolis. Even though the urban elite did favor the use of electricity for the public transport system, other actors, in contrast, voiced their dissent against the alleged contribution, and expressed fears and distrust with respect to the benefits that such technology would bring forth to the population, especially to the poorer inhabitants.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo.  Objetivo/Contexto:  Este artigo analisa a dimensão ambiental do debate que justificou, no final do século XIX, a substituição da tração animal pela eletromotriz nos bondes de Santiago do Chile. Assim, o objetivo é aprofundar na correlação entre uso de recursos energéticos e progresso urbano, por meio do estudo da modernização do sistema de locomoção coletiva da capital chilena.  Metodologia:  A partir de informação proporcionada por jornais, documentos técnicos, municipais e empresariais, propõe-se que as consequências negativas que acarretava o uso de cavalos para mobilizar os habitantes da cidade repercutiram na legitimação tecnológica e cultural da exploração de recursos hídricos para produzir eletricidade.  Originalidade:  Em um contexto propenso à expulsão dos animais do ambiente urbano e sua substituição por novas formas de propulsão, em Santiago foram conjugados o anúncio de investimentos transnacionais na indústria eletrotécnica, a circulação de discursos médicos e sanitaristas e a difusão de um imaginário urbano burguês. Portanto, a eletricidade substituiria a tração animal na rede ferroviária, o que conduziu a ressignificar a contribuição da natureza para a urbanização e para a industrialização do país.  Conclusões:  Os cursos de água da zona central do Chile se tornaram a nova fonte de força motriz necessária para mudar a cara tradicional de Santiago, processo que levou a transformá-la em uma metrópole moderna e cosmopolita. Embora a elite urbana tenha favorecido o processo de aplicação da eletricidade ao sistema de transporte público, também existiram atores que discordaram de sua contribuição e que manifestaram receios e desconfianças a respeito dos benefícios que essa tecnologia traria à população, em especial, aos habitantes mais pobres.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Caballos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[electricidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[entorno urbano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[recursos hídricos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[transporte público.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Electricity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Horses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hydric Resources]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Public Transport]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Urban Context.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ambiente urbano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[cavalos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[eletricidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[recursos hídricos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[transporte público.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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