<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-4004</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Vitae]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Vitae]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-4004</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-40042025000200001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17533/udea.vitae.v32n2a360086</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of the methanolic extract from Sida rhombifolia L. aerial parts in mice]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efecto hepatoprotector y nefroprotector del extracto metanólico de las partes aéreas de Sida rhombifolia L. en ratones]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinichen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Olga]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrúa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wilfrido]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scotto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Analia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fanego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kamilah]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Germán]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galeano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antonia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,National University of Asunción Faculty of Chemical Sciences Department of Pharmacology]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Lorenzo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,National University of Asunción Faculty of Chemical Sciences Department of Botany]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Lorenzo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-40042025000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-40042025000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-40042025000200001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: The liver and kidneys are essential for maintaining metabolic balance and homeostasis in the body. Both organs play a role in metabolic and inflammatory diseases, which are becoming increasingly prevalent health issues globally, making it essential to find more accessible and safe treatment options for the general population. In such a context, Sida rhombifolia L. is a shrub with therapeutic properties that may be utilized to prevent or treat liver and kidney diseases.  Objective:  To evaluate the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of the methanolic extract of aerial parts of S. rhombifolia L. against liver and kidney toxicity induced pharmacologically in mice.  Methodology: The aerial parts of S. rhombifolia (EMSr) were collected from Aguaity city (Cordillera, Paraguay) and subjected to methanolic extraction. Acute oral toxicity of EMSr was assessed in mice (both female and male). Additionally, general behavior was evaluated with male mice using a sub-chronic toxicity assay. The acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity assays were developed in mice (male and female, n = 8) to evaluate the influence of EMSr on serum variations of marker levels for liver and kidney damage. The doses of EMSr evaluated in all assays were 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, and 150 mg/kg of silymarin was used as a control.  Results:  The results indicate that EMSr is safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg (v.o.), and did not alter the normal behavior of the mice. In addition, male mice subjected to a subchronic toxicity test showed a significant decrease in serum uric acid levels with all doses of EMSr. In contrast, doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg a significant reduction in serum uric acid level was observed. Interestingly, doses of EMSr (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced ALT and ALP levels by 34% and 36%, respectively, in acetaminophen-induced hepatitis, and creatinine levels by 22% in gentamicin-induced nephritis, compared with the pathological control group.  Conclusion:  Considering these results, the methanolic extract of EMSr did not exhibit significant toxicity in mice and actively attenuated the marker levels in experimental models of liver and renal damage, in concordance with a potential protective effect on the liver and kidneys.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Antecedentes:  El hígado y los riñones son esenciales para mantener el equilibrio metabólico y la homeostasis en el cuerpo. Actualmente, ambos órganos desempeñan un papel en las enfermedades metabólicas e inflamatorias, que se están convirtiendo en un problema de salud cada vez más prevalente a nivel mundial, lo que hace esencial encontrar opciones de tratamiento más accesibles y seguras para la población general. En este contexto, Sida rhombifolia L. es un arbusto con propiedades terapéuticas que puede utilizarse para prevenir o tratar enfermedades hepáticas y renales.  Objetivo:  Evaluar los efectos hepatoprotectores y nefroprotectores del extracto metanólico de partes aéreas de S. rhombifolia L. contra la toxicidad hepática y renal inducida farmacológicamente en ratones.  Metodología:  Se recolectaron partes aéreas de S. rhombifolia (EMSr) en la ciudad de Aguaity (Cordillera, Paraguay) y se sometieron a extracción metanólica. Se evaluó la toxicidad oral aguda de EMSr en ratones (hembras y machos). Además, se evaluó el comportamiento general en ratones machos mediante un ensayo de toxicidad subcrónica. El ensayo de hepatotoxicidad inducida por acetaminofén y nefrotoxicidad inducida por gentamicina se desarrolló en ratones (machos y hembras, n = 8) para evaluar la influencia de EMSr en la variación sérica de los niveles de marcadores de daño hepático y renal. Las dosis de EMSr evaluadas en todos los ensayos fueron 50, 100 y 200 mg/kg, y se emplearon 150 mg/kg de silimarina como control.  Resultados:  Los resultados indican que EMSr es seguro hasta la dosis de 2000 mg/kg (v.o.) y no alteró el comportamiento normal de los ratones. Además, los ratones machos sometidos a la prueba de toxicidad subcrónica mostraron una disminución significativa en el nivel sérico de ácido úrico con todas las dosis de EMSr. Por el contrario, con dosis de 100 y 200 mg/kg, se observó una reducción significativa del nivel sérico de ácido úrico. Curiosamente, las dosis de EMSr (50, 100 y 200 mg/kg) redujeron significativamente en 34 % y 36 % los niveles de ALT y ALP, respectivamente, en la hepatitis inducida por acetaminofén, y en 22 % los niveles de creatinina en la nefritis tóxica inducida por gentamicina, en comparación con el grupo control patológico.  Conclusión:  Considerando estos resultados, el extracto metanólico de EMSr no mostró toxicidad significativa en ratones y atenuó activamente los niveles de marcadores en modelos experimentales de daño hepático y renal, lo que concuerda con un posible efecto protector sobre el hígado y los riñones.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sida rhombifolia L.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[acetaminophen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gentamicin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[silymarin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hepatoprotective activity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nephroprotective activity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sida rhombifolia L.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acetaminofén]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gentamicina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[silimarina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[actividad hepatoprotectora]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[actividad nefroprotectora]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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