<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-4772</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Economía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cuad. Econ.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-4772</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-47722017000300327</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15446/cuad.econ.v36n72.65821</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The rise of the middle class in Ecuador during the oil boom]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El crecimiento de la clase media en Ecuador durante el boom petrolero.]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[La croissance de la classe moyenne en Équateur pendant le boom pétrolier]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[O crescimento da classe média no Equador durante o boom petroleiro]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gachet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iván]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grijalva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diego F]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ponce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paúl]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Damián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,International independent consultant  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad San Francisco de Quito  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo (Senplades)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Université Paris  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Paris ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>spe72</numero>
<fpage>327</fpage>
<lpage>352</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-47722017000300327&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-47722017000300327&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-47722017000300327&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In this paper we analyse the evolution of the middle class in Ecuador during the commodities boom (2005-2015). Using the definition of middle class proposed by López-Calva and Ortiz-Juárez (2014), we document an impressive rise of the middle class, which doubled in this period and peaked at 37.4% of the population in 2015. We show that both economic growth and inequality reduction have played an important role in this social change, although growth is responsible for over three-quarters thereof. Based on an analysis of the macroeconomic and labour conditions associated with the evolution of the middle class, we argue that the recent slow-down in growth and in inequality reduction following the end of the commodities boom poses a risk for the size of the middle class, which represents a serious challenge for policy makers. JEL: D31, I32, O1.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este artículo analizamos la evolución de la clase media en Ecuador durante el boom de los commodities (2005-2015). Utilizando la definición de clase media propuesta por López-Calva y Ortiz-Juárez (2014) documentamos el gran crecimiento de la clase media, la cual se ha duplicado durante este periodo llegando a un pico de 37,4% de la población en 2015. Mostramos que tanto el crecimiento eco-nómico como la reducción de la desigualdad han cumplido un papel importante en esta dinámica, si bien el crecimiento es responsable de más de 3/4 del incremento de la clase media. Basándonos en un análisis de las condiciones macroeconómicas y del mercado laboral, argumentamos que la ralentización del crecimiento y de la reducción de la desigualdad ocurridas luego del final del boom de los commodities presenta un riesgo para el tamaño de la clase media, lo que constituye un serio reto para los hacedores de política. JEL: D31, I32, O1.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé Dans cet article nous analysons l&#8217;évolution de la clase moyenne en Équateur pendant le boom des commodities (2005-2015). En utilisant la définition de classe moyenne proposée par López-Calva et Ortiz-Juárez (2014), nous décrivons la forte croissance de la classe moyenne qui a doublé pendant cette période pour atteindre un sommet de 37,4 % de la population en 2015. Nous montrons que tant la croissance économique que la réduction de l&#8217;inégalité ont joué un rôle important dans cette dynamique, bien que la croissance soit responsable des 3/4 de l&#8217;augmentation de la classe moyenne. En nous basant sur une analyse des conditions macroéconomiques et du marché du travail, nous démontrons que le ralentissement de la croissance et la réduction de l&#8217;inégalité qui se sont produits après la fin du boom des commodities présente un risque pour la dimension de la classe moyenne, ce qui représente un sérieux défi pour les politiciens. JEL: D31, I32, O1.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Nesse artigo analisamos a evolução da classe média no Equador durante o boom das commodities (2005-2015). Utilizando a definição de classe média proposta por López-Calva e Ortiz-Juárez (2014) documentamos o grande crescimento da classe média, a qual duplicou-se durante esse período, atingindo um patamar de 37,4% da população em 2015. Mostramos que tanto o crescimento econômico como a redução da desigualdade cumpriram uma função importante nessa dinâmica, aliás, o crescimento econômico foi responsável por mais de 3/4 no incremento da classe média. Baseando-nos em uma análise das condições macroeconômicas e do mercado de trabalho, argumentamos que a desaceleração do crescimento e da redução da desigualdade ocorridas após o final do boom das commodities apresenta um risco para o tamanho da classe média, o que constitui um sério desafio para os criadores de política. JEL: D31, I32, O1.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[middle class]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[inequality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[commodities boom]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[clase media]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inequidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[boom de commodities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Équateur]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[classe moyenne]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[inégalité]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[boom de commodities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Equador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[classe média]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[iniquidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[boom das commodities]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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