<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-4772</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Economía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cuad. Econ.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-4772</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-47722020000300857</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.73820</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[THE EVOLUTION OF THE GENDER WAGE GAP IN COLOMBIA: 1994 AND 2010]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La evolución de la brecha salarial por género en Colombia: 1994 y 2010]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A evolução da brecha salarial por gênero na Colômbia: 1994 e 2010]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abadía Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luz Karime]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de la Rica]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bilbao ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>81</numero>
<fpage>857</fpage>
<lpage>895</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-47722020000300857&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-47722020000300857&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-47722020000300857&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This paper studies the evolution of the gender wage gap in Colombia at different points of wage distributions. Using DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux's (1996) decomposition, we find that the enormous increase in female workers' educational achievement has helped to reduce the gender gap, mainly at the top of the wage distribution. However, this effect has been countered by the reduction in the proportion of female workers in the public sector and those with indefinite contracts. Moreover, using the Arellano et al. (2017) methodology, we estimate the adjusted gender wage gap whilst controlling for sample selection. In both analysed years, our main finding was a clear glass-ceiling pattern that was slightly reduced in 2010. JEL: J16; J24; J31; J41.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Este artículo estudia la brecha salarial por género en Colombia en diferentes puntos de la distribución de salarios. Con la descomposición de DiNardo et al. (1996) se encuentra que el enorme incremento en el logro educacional de las trabajadoras femeninas ha ayudado a reducir la brecha de género, principalmente en la cola alta de la distribución. Sin embargo, este efecto ha sido contrarrestado por la reducción en la proporción de mujeres en el sector público y en aquellas con contrato indefinido. Además, con la metodología de Arellano et al. (2016) se estima la brecha de género ajustada controlando por sesgo de selección. Se encuentra un patrón de techo de cristal en ambos años analizados, que se ha reducido ligeramente en el 2010. JEL: J16; J24; J31; J41.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO Este artigo estuda a brecha salarial por género na Colômbia em diferentes pontos da distribuição de salários. Com a decomposição de DiNardo et al. (1996), percebe-se que o enorme aumento nos objetivos educacionais das trabalhadoras femininas ajudou na redução da brecha de género, principalmente na alta da distribuição. Contudo, este efeito tem sido combatido pela redução na proporção de mulheres no setor público naquelas com contrato indefinido. Além do mais, com a metodologia de Arellano et al. (2016), estima-se uma brecha de género ajustada controlada por meio de viés de seleção. Percebe-se também um padrão de teto de cristal em ambos os anos analisados, com uma ligeira redução em 2010. JEL: J16; J24; J31; J41.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gender wage gap]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[glass ceiling pattern]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[quantile regression]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sample selection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[brecha salarial de género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[efecto techo de cristal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[regresión cuantílica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sesgo de selección]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[brecha salarial de género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[efeito teto de cristal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[regressão quantil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[viés de seleção]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abadía Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effects of fixed-term contracts on workers in Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Economía]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>63</numero>
<issue>63</issue>
<page-range>421-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abadía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Discriminación salarial por sexo en Colombia: un análisis desde la discriminación estadística (Documentos de Economía, 17)]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pontificia Universidad Javeriana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albrecht]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bjórklund]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vroman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is there a Glass Ceiling in Sweden?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Labor Economics]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>145-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amador]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The rise in female participation in Colombia: Fertility, marital status or education?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ensayos sobre Política Económica]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>71</numero>
<issue>71</issue>
<page-range>54-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Angel-Urdinola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wodon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Labor supply and the gender wage gap: Evidence for Colombia and United States (Archivos de Economía, 237)]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento Nacional de Planeación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arellano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonhomme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sample selection in quantile regression: A survey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Quantile Regression]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>209-24</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Chapman and Hall/CRC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Badel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Decomposing the gender wage gap with Sample Selection Adjustment: Evidence from Colombia (Documentos CEDE, 37)]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[¿Quiénes son las mujeres discriminadas?: enfoque distributivo de las diferencias salariales por género (Borradores de Economía y Finanzas)]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cali, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad ICESI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blinder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Wage discrimination: Reduced form and structural estimates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Human Resources]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<page-range>436-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuberes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teignier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender inequality and economic growth: A critical review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Development]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>260-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DiNardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fortin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemieux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Labour market institutions and the distribution of wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>1001-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ñopo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Increase in Female Labor Force Participation in Latin America 1990-2004: Decomposing the Changes]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC, United States ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inter-American Development Bank. Mimeographed document]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fortin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemieux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Firpo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Decomposition techniques in economics (Working Paper Series, 16045)]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NBER]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The gender gap, fertility and growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoyos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ñopo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The persistent gender earnings gap in Colombia, 1994-2006 (Discussion Paper Series 5073)]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bonn, Germany ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Institute for the Study of Labor/IZA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isaza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Occupational segregation and gender wage differences: Evidence from urban Colombia]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de la Salle]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koenker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Quantile selection models: An R Vignette]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koenker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bassett Jr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regression quantiles]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<page-range>33-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Counterfactual decomposition of changes in wage distributions using quantile regression]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Econometrics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>445-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hartmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hayes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of equal pay on poverty and the economy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Institute for Women's Policy Research]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ñopo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Matching as a tool to decompose wage gaps]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>290-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ñopo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The increase in female labour force participation in Latin America 1990-2004: Decomposing the changes]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC, United States ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inter-American Development Bank. Mimeographed document]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oaxaca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Male-female wage differentials in urban labour markets]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<page-range>693-709</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silverman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Density estimation for statistics and data analysis]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chap and Hall]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenjo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evolución de las diferencias salariales por sexo en seis países de América Latina (Documentos de Economía)]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pontificia Universidad Javeriana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
