0121-4772 0121-4772 S0121-47722024000200491 10.15446/cuad.econ.v43n92.101981 Venezuela Venezuela 00 12 2024 00 12 2024 43 92 491 520

[1] 2019 [2] 2016 [3] 2016 14 1 1 175-214 [4] Banco Mercantil [5] 2010 [6] 2019 [7] 2018 [8] 2009 56 683-741 [9] 2012 4 1 1 31-179 [10] 2013 5 3 3 85-117 [11] 2011 [12] 2012 [13] 2014 [14] 2019 [15] 2018 [16] 1981 48 2 2 289-309 [17] 2018 [18] 2007 93 2 2 163-87 [19] International Monetary Fund 2021 [20] J.P. Morgan 2015 30 [21] 2012 [22] 2016 14 1 1 80-114 [23] 2010 [24] 2005 [25] 2023 [26] 2019 [27] Moody's Investor Service 2015 [28] Moody's Investor Service 2020 [29] Moody's Investor Service 2021 a [30] Moody's Investor Service 2021 b [31] Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 2021 [32] 2009 47 3 3 651-98 [33] 2014 XXXI 82 82 37-76 [34] 2002 [35] Petróleos de Venezuela, SA 2014 [36] 2004 94 2 2 53-8 [37] 2008 [38] 2003 2003 1 1 1-74 [39] 2017 [40] Standard & Poor's 2012 [41] 2007 [42] 2013 [43] World Bank Group [44] World Bank Group 2021 [45] 2016 41 391-410