<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-5612</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Colombia Internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[colomb.int.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-5612</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Ciencia Política y Centro de Estudios Internacionales. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-56122019000400175</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7440/colombiaint100.2019.08</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Colombian Anti-Corruption Referendum: Why It Failed?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La consulta anticorrupción en Colombia: ¿Por qué fracasó?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[O Referendo Anticorrupção na Colômbia: por que fracassou?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Hradec Králové  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Czech Republic</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>100</numero>
<fpage>175</fpage>
<lpage>199</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-56122019000400175&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-56122019000400175&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-56122019000400175&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT.  Objective/context:  The objective of this article is to analyze the results of the anti-corruption referendum in Colombia in 2018. Colombia is a country with a significant corruption problem. More than 99% of the voters who came to the polls voted in favor of the proposals. However, the anti-corruption referendum nonetheless failed because not enough citizens were mobilized to participate. The article addresses the reasons why turnout was very low.  Methodology:  I examine the results at the municipal level. I present an original dataset of 1,101 Colombian municipalities. I use ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models to test theories based on the literature on referendums, corruption, and transparency. I also analyze voter turnout in the 2018 presidential election in order to compare it with participation in the referendum.  Conclusions:  I find that the more transparent a municipality, the higher the percentage of the municipal electorate that voted for proposals in the anti-corruption referendum. Moreover, I find that in municipalities where support for Sergio Fajardo in the presidential election was higher and support for Iván Duque was lower, support for the referendum proposals was higher. Also, turnout was lower in municipalities with higher poverty rates and higher homicide rates.  Originality:  This article contributes to the current global debate on direct democracy. As the anti-corruption referendum was held only recently, a proper analysis has not yet been carried out. Moreover, because of the nature of the referendum questions, the topic is closely connected with research on corruption. Therefore, this research represents a unique opportunity to examine corruption and direct democracy at one and the same time.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN.  Objetivo/contexto:  El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los resultados de la consulta anticorrupción de 2018 en Colombia. Colombia es un país que tiene un importante problema de corrupción. Más del 99% de los votantes que acudieron a las urnas votaron a favor de las propuestas. Sin embargo, el referéndum anticorrupción fracasó porque no se movilizó a un número suficiente de ciudadanos para participar. El artículo aborda las razones por las que la participación fue muy baja.  Metodología:  Examino los resultados a nivel municipal. Presento un conjunto de datos originales de 1101 municipios colombianos. Utilizo modelos de regresión por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios para probar teorías basadas en la literatura relacionada con los referendos, la corrupción y la transparencia. Además, también analizo la participación de los votantes en las elecciones presidenciales de 2018 para compararla con la participación en la consulta.  Conclusiones:  Encuentro que cuanto más transparente es un municipio, mayor es el porcentaje del electorado municipal que votó a favor de las propuestas en la consulta. Además, encuentro que donde el apoyo en los municipios a Sergio Fajardo fue mayor y el apoyo a Iván Duque en las elecciones presidenciales fue menor, mayor fue el apoyo a las propuestas. También, la participación fue menor en los municipios con tasas de pobreza más altas y tasas de homicidio más altas.  Originalidad:  Este artículo contribuye al debate global actual sobre la democracia directa. Como la consulta anticorrupción se celebró recientemente, aún no se ha realizado el análisis adecuado. Además, debido a la naturaleza de las preguntas en la consulta, este tema está estrechamente relacionado con la investigación sobre la corrupción. Por lo tanto, esta investigación es una oportunidad única para examinar juntos la corrupción y la democracia directa.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO.  Objetivo/contexto:  O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os resultados do referendo anticorrupção de 2018 na Colômbia. A Colômbia é um país que tem um problema significativo de corrupção. Mais de 99% dos eleitores que participaram das eleições votaram a favor das propostas. No entanto, o referendo anticorrupção fracassou porque não mobilizou um número suficiente de cidadãos para participar. O artigo aborda as razões pelas quais a participação foi bastante baixa.  Metodologia:  Examinaram-se os resultados no âmbito municipal. Apresentou-se um conjunto de dados originais de 1.101 municípios colombianos. Utilizou-se o modelo de regressão dos mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO) para comprovar as teorias com base na literatura relacionada com os referendos, a corrupção e a transparência. Além disso, também foi analisado o comparecimento dos eleitores nas eleições presidenciais de 2018 para comparar com a participação no referendo.  Conclusões:  Descobriu-se que, quanto mais transparente foi o município, maior foi o percentual do eleitorado municipal que votou a favor das propostas no referendo de anticorrupção. Além disso, notou-se que os municípios em que o apoio a Sergio Fajardo foi mais alto e o apoio a Iván Duque foi mais baixo nas eleições presidenciais, também foi maior o apoio às propostas no referendo. Adicionalmente, a participação foi mais baixa nos municípios com maiores taxas de pobreza e de homicídios.  Originalidade:  Este artigo contribui com o debate global atual sobre a democracia direta. Como o referendo anticorrupção foi realizado recentemente, ainda não foi feita uma análise apropriada. E mais, por causa da natureza das questões no referendo, esse tema está estreitamente relacionado com a pesquisa sobre corrupção. Portanto, este trabalho é uma oportunidade única para examinar tanto a corrupção quanto a democracia direta.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Corruption]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Elections]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Referendum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Direct Democracy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Transparency.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Corrupción, elecciones, Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[consulta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[democracia directa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[transparencia.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Corrupção]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[eleições]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Colômbia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[referendo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[democracia direta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[transparência.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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