<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-5612</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Colombia Internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[colomb.int.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-5612</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Ciencia Política y Centro de Estudios Internacionales. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-56122020000300057</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7440/colombiaint103.2020.05</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Electoral Competition at the Subnational Level. Emeralds and Politics in Colombia, 1997-2015]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Competencia electoral en el nivel subnacional. Esmeraldas y política en Colombia, 1997-2015]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Competição eleitoral a nível subnacional: esmeraldas e política na Colômbia, 1997-2015]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Batlle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margarita]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoyos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wills-Otero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>London</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,International Organization for Migration in Colombia (IOM)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de los Andes  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>103</numero>
<fpage>57</fpage>
<lpage>83</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-56122020000300057&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-56122020000300057&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-56122020000300057&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Objective/context:  This article is part of a special edition of Colombia Internacional: &#8220;Transformaciones de los sistemas partidarios en América Latina&#8221; (Party system transformations in Latin America). It explains the transition from closed, non-competitive party systems to competitive party systems in Colombian emerald municipalities from the late 1990s until 2015.  Methodology:  We use a subnational approach within a unitary system to test a body of literature that has focused almost exclusively on federal countries. Furthermore, we show the importance of building bridges between the literature on subnational authoritarianism and that of rentier economies to analyze the Colombian case. Our analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative information: electoral data, interviews with key informants, observation and analysis of local and regional newspapers.  Conclusions:  Electoral competition in Colombian municipalities is heterogeneous, leading to different types of trajectories. Focusing on our case study in the Western province of the Boyacá department, Colombia, we argue that competitive systems emerged when local hegemonic elites lost economic and political power as a result of the emerald business&#8217; decline. The configuration of competitive systems was therefore an effort by opposition parties to gain political power in contexts where local patrones (political bosses) were challenged by unexpected structural conditions, and by opposition leaders that took advantage of that situation.  Originality:  Although recent literature shows the Colombian party system has changed towards more competitive elections, these processes do not follow the same paths, nor do they share the same characteristics across the country. We focus on an insufficiently-studied region as a vehicle for understanding the way structure and strategy interact in specific electoral contexts: mining-dependent local economies.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Objetivo/contexto:  este artículo es parte de un número especial de Colombia Internacional: &#8220;Transformaciones de los sistemas partidarios en América Latina&#8221;. Aquí explicamos la transición de sistemas de partidos cerrados y no competitivos a sistemas competitivos en municipios esmeralderos colombianos desde fines de la década de 1990 hasta 2015.  Metodología:  utilizamos un enfoque subnacional dentro de un sistema unitario para evaluar el aporte de una literatura que se ha centrado casi exclusivamente en países federales. Además, mostramos la importancia de construir puentes entre la literatura sobre autoritarismo subnacional y la de las economías rentistas para analizar el caso colombiano. Nuestro análisis se basa en información cuantitativa y cualitativa: datos electorales, entrevistas con informantes clave, observación y análisis de periódicos locales y regionales.  Conclusiones:  la competencia electoral en los municipios colombianos es heterogénea, lo que lleva a diferentes tipos de trayectorias. Centrándonos en nuestro estudio de caso en un departamento colombiano de Boyacá occidental, argumentamos que surgieron sistemas competitivos cuando las élites hegemónicas locales perdieron poder económico y político como resultado del declive comercial del negocio esmeraldero. La configuración de sistemas competitivos constituyó, por lo tanto, un esfuerzo de los partidos de oposición para ganar poder político en contextos donde los patrones locales (jefes políticos) fueron desafiados por condiciones estructurales inesperadas y por líderes de la oposición que aprovecharon esa situación.  Originalidad:  aunque la literatura reciente muestra que el sistema de partidos colombiano ha cambiado hacia elecciones más competitivas, estos procesos no siguen los mismos caminos, ni comparten las mismas características en todo el país. Nuestro estudio se centra en un entorno poco común e insuficientemente estudiado que nos permite comprender la forma en que la estructura y la estrategia interactúan en contextos electorales específicos: los de las economías locales que dependen de la minería en Colombia.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO  Objetivo/contexto:  este artigo é parte de uma edição especial da Colombia Internacional: &#8220;Transformações de sistemas partidários na América Latina&#8221; (transformações do sistema partidário na América Latina). Explica a transição de sistemas partidos fechados e não competitivos para sistemas partidários competitivos em municípios de esmeraldas colombianos do final dos anos 90 até 2015.  Metodologia:  Utilizamos uma abordagem subnacional dentro de um sistema unitário para testar um corpo de literatura que se concentrou quase exclusivamente em países federais. Além disso, mostramos a importância de construir pontes entre a literatura sobre autoritarismo subnacional e a das economias rentistas para analisar o caso colombiano. Nossa análise é baseada em informações quantitativas e qualitativas: dados eleitorais, entrevistas com informantes-chave, observação e análise de jornais locais e regionais.  Conclusões:  A competição eleitoral nos municípios colombianos é heterogênea, levando a diferentes tipos de trajetórias. Focando nosso estudo de caso na província ocidental do departamento de Boyacá, Colômbia, argumentamos que sistemas competitivos surgiram quando as elites hegemônicas locais perderam poder econômico e político como resultado do declínio do negócio de esmeraldas. A configuração de sistemas competitivos foi, portanto, um esforço dos partidos da oposição para ganhar poder político em contextos em que os patrões locais (chefes políticos) eram desafiados por condições estruturais inesperadas e pelos líderes da oposição que se aproveitavam dessa situação.  Originalidade:  Embora a literatura recente mostre que o sistema partidário colombiano mudou para eleições mais competitivas, esses processos não seguem os mesmos caminhos nem compartilham as mesmas características em todo o país. Nós nos concentramos em uma região pouco estudada como um veículo para entender como a estrutura e a estratégia interagem em contextos eleitorais específicos: economias locais dependentes de mineração.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Subnational politics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[party systems]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[elections]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[competitiveness trajectories]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Colombian politics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Política subnacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sistemas partidarios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[elecciones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trayectorias de competitividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[política colombiana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Política subnacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[sistemas partidários]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[política colombiana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[trajetórias de competitividade]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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