<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-5612</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Colombia Internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[colomb.int.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-5612</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Ciencia Política y Centro de Estudios Internacionales. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-56122021000100117</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7440/colombiaint105.2021.05</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Entre seguridad humana y estatal: ¿ofrece la Unión Europea una respuesta coherente a los desafíos de seguridad en Centroamérica, Colombia y Venezuela?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Between Human and State Security: Does the European Union Offer a Coherent Response to Security Challenges in Central America, Colombia and Venezuela?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Entre Segurança humana e estatal: a União Europeia oferece uma resposta coerente aos desafios de segurança na América Central, na Colômbia e na Venezuela?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gratius]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susanne]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Pinzón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erika]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Complutense de Madrid  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>105</numero>
<fpage>117</fpage>
<lpage>145</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-56122021000100117&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-56122021000100117&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-56122021000100117&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN.  Objetivo/contexto: Centroamérica, Colombia y Venezuela enfrentan importantes desafíos de seguridad. Pese al discurso de seguridad humana en su política hacia América Latina, la Unión Europea (UE) ha tenido aproximaciones diferentes a los tres conflictos: desde el nexo seguridad-desarrollo en Centroamérica y un compromiso de cooperación combinado con la &#8220;securitización&#8221; del conflicto en Colombia, hasta una política de sanciones y diplomacia en Venezuela.  Metodología:  mediante una perspectiva comparada y un marco analítico común de análisis de contenido cualitativo, el artículo plantea la pregunta: ¿qué concepto de seguridad, estatal o humana, está detrás de las políticas de la UE hacia estos países y con qué grado de coherencia se implementa?  Conclusiones:  se demuestra que la UE hace un manejo poco coherente del nexo seguridad-desarrollo hacia los países seleccionados debido a inconsistencias internas y externas, en este caso sobre todo de cara a EE. UU. como principal donante de la región y &#8220;socio&#8221; transatlántico.  Originalidad:  el artículo deconstruye la imagen de la UE como socio de desarrollo comprometido con la seguridad humana. Aunque la política de la UE sigue estando más enfocada en afrontar las causas como la desigualdad y la pobreza que las consecuencias de la inseguridad, la política del nexo seguridad-desarrollo refleja una cierta securitización del desarrollo a la hora de cooperar con países en conflicto y Estados frágiles considerados potenciales &#8220;amenazas&#8221; a la seguridad, como Colombia o Venezuela.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT.  Objective/Context:  Central America, Colombia and Venezuela face important security challenges. Despite its rhetoric about the importance of human security, the EU applies different policies to the three conflicts: a security-development nexus in Central America, a combination of donor engagement and &#8220;securitization&#8221; in Colombia and a mixture of sanctions and diplomacy in Venezuela. Employing a comparative approach based on a common methodological framework, this article sets out to determine which EU concept of security - State or human-focused -is applied to each conflict and assess its degree of coherence.  Methodology: Basing itself on a qualitative content analysis, the article addresses the following question: to what extent does State or human security govern the EU´s respective policies towards these countries and how consistent are they?  Conclusions:  The article finds that, despite its official discourse, the EU´s security-development nexus is not a coherent policy and its relationship with the United States, its transatlantic &#8220;partner&#8221; and the region&#8217;s main donor, are mainly responsible for that policy´s internal and external inconsistencies.  Originality:  The article questions the EU&#8217;s image as a soft power and development partner. Although the EU continues to deal with the causes of insecurity, like inequality and poverty, rather than its consequences, its development-security nexus tends to &#8220;securitize&#8221; development, particularly in countries, like Colombia and Venezuela, which, due to their armed conflicts and fragile States, are regarded as &#8220;security threats.&#8221;]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO.  Objetivo/contexto:  a América Central, a Colômbia e a Venezuela enfrentam importantes desafios de segurança, refletidos em altas taxas de homicídios e impunidade. A União Europeia (UE) é um dos principais atores internacionais presentes na região e, apesar de a maioria dos países ter sido considerada como países de renda média, esta tem procurado fórmulas para continuar implantando sua política nessa área. Com esse contexto, esses países constituem-se num cenário idôneo para comparar a política europeia do ponto de vista do nexo entre segurança e desenvolvimento. Concretamente, o objetivo do artigo é analisar que conceito de segurança, estatal ou humana está por trás das políticas da UE para esses países, e com que grau de coerência se implementa?  Metodologia:  Mediante uma perspectiva comparada e um âmbito analítico comum realiza-se uma análise qualitativa de contexto -contrastando os discursos oficiais da UE- tanto da coerência horizontal como vertical da estratégia europeia na América Central, na Colômbia e na Venezuela. Compara-se tanto a própria estratégia da UE e seus diferentes atores nesses países, quanto esta em relação à política dos Estados Unidos. Para a realização do estudo selecionaram-se os principais documentos da estratégia europeia e os relativos às políticas e programas implementados em cada país.  Conclusões: o artigo demonstra que a UE faz uma gestão pouco coherente com relacao ao nexo segurança-desenvolvimento com os países selecionados devido a inconsistências internas e externas, neste caso especialmente no que diz respeito aos Estados Unidos como principal doador na região e &#8220;parceiro&#8221; transatlântico.  Originalidade:  o artigo desconstrói a imagem da UE como parceira de um desenvolvimento comprometido com a segurança humana. Embora a política da UE permaneça mais focada em combater causas como a desigualdade e a pobreza do que as consequências da insegurança, a política da combinação segurança-desenvolvimento reflete uma certa securitização do desenvolvimento ao momento de cooperar com países em conflito e Estados frágeis considerados "ameaças" potenciais à segurança, como a Colômbia ou a Venezuela.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[seguridad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desarrollo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[política exterior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Unión Europea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Centroamérica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Venezuela]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Security]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[development]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[foreign policy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[EU]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Central America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Venezuela]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[segurança]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[desenvolvimento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[política exterior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[EU]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Colômbia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[América Central]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Venezuela]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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