<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-5612</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Colombia Internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[colomb.int.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-5612</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Ciencia Política y Centro de Estudios Internacionales. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-56122023000100171</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7440/colombiaint113.2023.07</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La votación de clase en las elecciones presidenciales 2006-2018 en los principales centros urbanos de Colombia: una hipótesis]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Class Voting and Ideological Polarization in the Presidential Elections of Colombia, 2006-2018]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Votação por classe social nas eleições presidenciais de 2006-2018 nos principais centros urbanos da Colômbia: uma hipótese]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kajsiu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Blendi]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tamayo Grisales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yenifer]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia Tobón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yesica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giraldo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michel Dayana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>113</numero>
<fpage>171</fpage>
<lpage>202</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-56122023000100171&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-56122023000100171&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-56122023000100171&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN.  Objetivo/contexto:  Este artículo tiene dos objetivos: el principal es mostrar que en las elecciones presidenciales de 2018 aumentó la votación de clase en comparación con las elecciones de 2006, 2010 y 2014; el segundo es desarrollar una posible explicación de este fenómeno. Nuestra hipótesis es que el aumento de votación de clase en las elecciones de 2018 se podría explicar, en parte, por el alto nivel de polarización ideológica entre los dos candidatos presidenciales, Iván Duque y Gustavo Petro, tanto en el eje derecha-izquierda como en el eje populista - no populista.  Metodología:  Utilizamos los datos de la Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil y los mapas de estratificación socioeconómica para identificar los resultados electorales de los dos candidatos presidenciales principales con base en las diferentes clases sociales de las cinco principales ciudades colombianas: Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla y Cartagena. Para medir la votación de clase desarrollamos el índice de diferencia de votación (IDV) que identifica la diferencia en el comportamiento electoral entre dos clases sociales. También comparamos la diferencia entre la votación esperada y observada por cada candidato presidencial en las clases alta, media y baja.  Conclusiones:  En las elecciones presidenciales de 2018 la votación de clase en los principales centros urbanos de Colombia aumentó de manera significativa en comparación con las elecciones presidenciales de 2006, 2010 y 2014. Nuestro análisis muestra que es probable que la votación de clase se active por la polarización ideológica entre los candidatos presidenciales, tanto en el eje populista - no populista como en el eje derecha-izquierda.  Originalidad:  Este es de los pocos trabajos que comparan el nivel de votación de clase entre diferentes elecciones presidenciales en Colombia y que explora la relación entre la polarización ideológica y la votación de clase en varias elecciones presidenciales colombianas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT.  Objective/Context:  This article has two goals. First and foremost, it seeks to demonstrate an increase in class voting during the 2018 presidential elections in Colombia compared to electoral years 2006, 2010, and 2014. Second, the article aims to develop a possible explanation of this phenomenon. We hypothesize that class voting in the 2018 presidential elections increased due to growing ideological polarization between the two presidential candidates, Iván Duque and Gustavo Petro, both in the left-right and the populist-non-populist dimensions.  Methodology:  We use data from the National Registry of Civil Status and maps of socio-economic stratification to identify electoral results according to social class in five main Colombian urban centres: Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, and Cartagena. To measure class voting, we develop the Index of Voting Difference (IVD), which identifies the difference in electoral behaviour between two social classes. We also compare the difference between expected and observed voting for each presidential candidate in the upper, middle, and lower classes.  Conclusions:  There was an evident increase in class voting in the 2018 presidential elections in Colombia compared to those of 2006, 2010, and 2014. Our analysis shows that such a phenomenon could result from an increased ideological polarization between the two principal presidential candidates, both in the left-right and populist-non-populist dimensions.  Originality:  This is the only article we are aware of that explores levels of class voting across different presidential elections in Colombia and the relationship between ideological polarization and class voting.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO.  Objetivo/contexto:  Este artigo tem dois objetivos. O primeiro e principal objetivo é mostrar que as eleições presidenciais de 2018 tiveram um aumento na votação por classe social em comparação com as eleições de 2006, 2010 e 2014. O segundo objetivo é desenvolver uma possível explicação para esse fenômeno. Nossa hipótese é que o aumento da votação por classes nas eleições de 2018 poderia ser explicado, em parte, pelo alto nível de polarização ideológica entre os dois candidatos presidenciais, Iván Duque e Gustavo Petro, ambos no eixo direita-esquerda e no eixo populista-não populista.  Metodologia:  Utilizamos dados do Registro Nacional do Estado Civil e mapas de estratificação socioeconômica para identificar os resultados eleitorais dos dois principais candidatos presidenciais em diferentes classes sociais nas cinco principais cidades colombianas: Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla e Cartagena. Para medir a votação por classe social, desenvolvemos o índice de diferença de votação que identifica a diferença no comportamento eleitoral entre duas classes sociais. Também comparamos a diferença entre a votação esperada e observada para cada candidato presidencial na classe alta, média e baixa.  Conclusões:  Nas eleições presidenciais de 2018, a votação por classe social nos principais centros urbanos da Colômbia aumentou significativamente em comparação com as eleições presidenciais de 2006, 2010 e 2014. Nossa análise mostra que a votação por classe social provavelmente será desencadeada pela polarização ideológica entre os candidatos presidenciais tanto no eixo populista-não populista quanto no eixo direita-esquerda.  Originalidade:  Este é um dos poucos trabalhos que compara o nível de votação por classe social entre as diferentes eleições presidenciais na Colômbia e explora a relação entre a polarização ideológica e a votação por classe social em várias eleições presidenciais colombianas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[votación de clase]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[polarización ideológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[derecha]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[izquierda]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[populismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[elecciones presidenciales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[class voting]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ideological polarization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[left]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[right]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[populism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[presidential elections]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[votação por classe social]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[polarização ideológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[direita]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[esquerda]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[populismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[eleições presidenciais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Colômbia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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