<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-5612</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Colombia Internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[colomb.int.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-5612</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Ciencia Política y Centro de Estudios Internacionales. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-56122023000400133</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7440/colombiaint116.2023.05</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Entre la identidad y la ideología: factores de riesgo de violencia electoral para las candidaturas a las elecciones legislativas del 2022 en Colombia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Between Identity and Ideology: Risk Factors of Electoral Violence for the Candidacies to the Legislative Elections of 2022 in Colombia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Entre a identidade e a ideologia: fatores de risco de violência eleitoral para as candidaturas às eleições legislativas de 2022 na Colômbia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duque-Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Diego]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar-Escalante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luisa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Uppsala  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Sweden</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de los Andes  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>116</numero>
<fpage>133</fpage>
<lpage>172</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-56122023000400133&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-56122023000400133&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-56122023000400133&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Objetivo/contexto: El presente artículo identifica los perfiles de las candidaturas que fueron más propensas a reportar hechos de violencia electoral durante las elecciones legislativas de 2022. Para esto, definimos el concepto de violencia electoral, revisamos la literatura nacional e internacional sobre el fenómeno e identificamos dos aspectos relevantes como factores de riesgo. Primero, atendemos a las características relacionadas con la identidad, como la edad, el sexo y la pertenencia étnica de las candidaturas. Segundo, exploramos las características relacionadas con la posición política, por ejemplo, identificarse como candidatura de izquierda.  Metodología:  Para realizar el análisis utilizamos una encuesta de 512 candidaturas a las elecciones legislativas diseñada por los autores e implementada en colaboración con la Misión de Observación Electoral (MOE). Con estos datos realizamos modelos de regresión lineal para identificar las características de las candidaturas más asociadas a las diferentes formas de violencia electoral reportadas en campaña.  Conclusiones:  Identificamos que los factores de identidad, particularmente ser candidato joven, mujer y de una zona de conflicto armado, están más asociados con el reporte de hechos de violencia electoral. Sorpresivamente, no encontramos una asociación estadísticamente significativa con candidaturas que se reconocieron como de izquierda, como afirma la literatura nacional e internacional sobre el fenómeno. Este hallazgo es preliminar, debido a que la muestra posee una subrepresentación de las candidaturas de los extremos ideológicos, por lo que este resultado debe ser explorado con mayor profundidad en futuras investigaciones.  Originalidad: Aunque los estudios de violencia electoral abundan, pocos se enfocan en los competidores; esta es la primera vez en Colombia que se hace una encuesta a candidaturas que indaga sobre formas de violencia electoral que van más allá de las violencias físicas, como la violencia psicológica, la económica y la sexual.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Objective/context: This article identifies the profiles of candidates who are more likely to report acts of electoral violence during the 2022 legislative elections. To this end, we define the concept of electoral violence, review national and international literature on the phenomenon, and identify two relevant aspects as risk factors. First, we look at identity-related characteristics such as age, sex, and ethnic background of the candidates. Second, we explore characteristics related to their political standing, for example, identifying as a left-wing candidate.  Methodology: To conduct the analysis, we used a survey of 512 candidates for legislative elections designed by the authors and implemented in collaboration with the Electoral Observation Mission (MOE). With this data, we performed linear regression models to identify the characteristics of candidates associated with different forms of electoral violence reported during the campaign.  Conclusions:  We found that identity factors, particularly being a young candidate, a woman, and from an area affected by the armed conflict, are associated with reporting acts of electoral violence. Surprisingly, we did not find a statistically significant association with candidates who identified themselves as left-wing, as claimed by national and international literature on the subject. This finding is preliminary because the sample has an underrepresentation of candidates from ideological extremes; therefore, this result should be explored more deeply in future research.  Originality: Although studies on electoral violence are abundant, few focus on the candidates. This is the first time in Colombia that a survey has been conducted with candidates that investigates forms of electoral violence that go beyond physical violence, such as psychological, economic, and sexual violence.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO  Objetivo/Contexto: Este artigo identifica os perfis dos candidatos que são mais propensos a relatar atos de violência eleitoral durante as eleições legislativas de 2022. Para isso, definimos o conceito de violência eleitoral, revisamos a literatura nacional e internacional sobre o fenômeno e identificamos dois aspectos relevantes como fatores de risco. Primeiro, analisamos as características relacionadas à identidade, como idade, sexo e origem étnica dos candidatos. Segundo, exploramos características relacionadas à posição política, por exemplo, identificar-se como um candidato de esquerda.  Metodologia: Para realizar a análise, utilizamos uma pesquisa com 512 candidatos às eleições legislativas projetada pelos autores e implementada em colaboração com a Missão de Observação Eleitoral (MOE). Com esses dados, realizamos modelos de regressão linear para identificar as características dos candidatos mais associados a diferentes formas de violência eleitoral relatadas durante a campanha.  Conclusões: Descobrimos que fatores de identidade, particularmente ser um candidato jovem, mulher e de uma área de conflito armado, estão mais associados ao relato de atos de violência eleitoral. Surpreendentemente, não encontramos uma associação estatisticamente significativa com candidatos que se identificaram como sendo de esquerda, como afirmado pela literatura nacional e internacional sobre o assunto. Esse achado é preliminar porque a amostra tem uma sub-representação de candidatos dos extremos ideológicos; portanto, esse resultado deve ser explorado mais profundamente em pesquisas futuras.  Originalidade:  Embora os estudos sobre violência eleitoral sejam abundantes, poucos se concentram nos competidores. Esta é a primeira vez na Colômbia que uma pesquisa foi conduzida com candidaturas que investiga formas de violência eleitoral que vão além da violência física, como a violência psicológica, econômica e sexual.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[elecciones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[minorías étnicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[participación política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia electoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[elections]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gender]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electoral violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ethnic minorities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political participation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[eleições]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[gênero]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[minorias étnicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[participação política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[violência eleitoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[violência política]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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