<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-5612</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Colombia Internacional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[colomb.int.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-5612</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Ciencia Política y Centro de Estudios Internacionales. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-56122024000300003</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7440/colombiaint119.2024.01</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Path-Dependent Criminality: Criminal Governance after the Paramilitary Demobilization in Cali and Medellín]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Criminalidad dependiente de la trayectoria histórica: gobernanza criminal después de la desmovilización paramilitar en Cali y Medellín]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Criminalidade dependente da trajetória histórica: governança criminal após a desmobilização paramilitar em Cali e Medellín]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durán-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Angélica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Massachusetts-Lowell  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>119</numero>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>36</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-56122024000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-56122024000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-56122024000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT.  Objective/context: After the paramilitary demobilization in Colombia, Cali and Medellín-major cities with a long history of political and criminal violence-saw a decline in violence despite the continuing operation of criminal groups. Yet, while Cali remained more violent than the national average, with criminal groups displaying less ability to regulate local affairs and security, Medellín became less violent than the national average and criminal groups engaged in more intensive governance.  Methodology:  I compare these cities using case studies constructed through fieldwork and interviews with security officials, NGO and social leaders, and former members of groups, drawing on my long-term, ongoing research engagement in both locations.  Conclusions:  The contrast between these cities exemplifies varied manifestations of post-conflict criminality. I argue that this variation in criminal governance is connected to the wartime balance of power, specifically, the level of territorial control and political connections armed groups had before the demobilization. Where control and political connections of paramilitary before demobilization were high, post-conflict crime groups were more likely to engage in governance behaviors. By contrast, disputed territories during wartime were likely to experience less criminal governance. Drawing on path dependence ideas, I introduce an overlooked mechanism through which wartime orders affect criminal behavior: learning processes inside and outside criminal groups.  Originality:  I show that to fully understand post-conflict criminality, it is crucial to consider armed actors peripherally involved in the war but essential for territorial control, whereas to understand criminal governance, the mid-ranks of armed groups and learning processes are crucial.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN.  Objetivo/contexto:  después de la desmovilización paramilitar en Colombia, Cali y Medellín-grandes ciudades con una historia larga de violencia política y criminal-vieron un declive en la violencia a pesar de la continua operación de grupos criminales. Sin embargo, mientras que Cali siguió siendo más violenta que el promedio nacional y los grupos criminales desplegaron menos habilidad para regular la seguridad y la vida local, Medellín se hizo menos violenta que el promedio nacional y los grupos criminales se involucraron más intensamente en la gobernanza criminal.  Metodología:  comparo estas ciudades usando estudios de caso construidos a través de trabajo de campo y entrevistas con policías e investigadores criminales, ONG y líderes sociales, y ex-miembros de grupos, y mi prolongada experiencia de investigación en estas ciudades.  Conclusiones:  el contraste entre estas ciudades ejemplifica las diversas manifestaciones de la criminalidad en el posconflicto. Mi argumento es que esta variación está asociada al balance de poder durante el conflicto, específicamente, el nivel de control territorial y las conexiones políticas que los grupos tenían antes de la desmovilización. Donde el control y las conexiones de los paramilitares eran altos antes de la desmovilización, los grupos criminales en el postconflicto son más propensos a desarrollar gobernanza criminal. En contraste, los territorios en disputa durante el conflicto son menos propensos a desarrollar una gobernanza criminal. Usando ideas de trayectorias históricas (path dependence), introduzco un novedoso mecanismo a través del cual los órdenes de guerra afectan el comportamiento criminal: los procesos de aprendizaje dentro y fuera de los grupos criminales.  Originalidad: muestro que para entender cabalmente la criminalidad durante el posconflicto es crucial considerar a los actores armados involucrados marginalmente en la guerra, pero esenciales para el control territorial. Y que, para entender la gobernanza criminal, los mandos medios de los grupos armados y los procesos de aprendizaje son fundamentales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO.  Objetivo/contexto:  após a desmobilização dos paramilitares na Colômbia, Cali e Medellín - grandes cidades com um longo histórico de violência política e criminal - registraram um declínio na violência, apesar da operação contínua de grupos criminosos. No entanto, enquanto Cali permaneceu mais violenta do que a média nacional e os grupos criminosos demonstraram menos capacidade de regular a segurança e a vida local, Medellín tornou-se menos violenta do que a média nacional e os grupos criminosos se envolveram mais intensamente na governança criminal.  Metodologia:  comparo essas cidades usando estudos de caso construídos por meio de trabalho de campo e entrevistas com policiais e investigadores criminais, ONGs e líderes sociais e ex-membros de grupos, além de minha experiência prolongada de pesquisa nessas cidades.  Conclusões:  o contraste entre essas cidades exemplifica as diversas manifestações da criminalidade pós-conflito. Meu argumento é que essa variação está associada ao equilíbrio de poder durante o conflito, especificamente, ao nível de controle territorial e às conexões políticas que os grupos tinham antes da desmobilização. Quando o controle paramilitar e as conexões eram altos antes da desmobilização, os grupos criminosos pós-conflito têm maior probabilidade de desenvolver a governança criminal. Em contrapartida, os territórios disputados durante o conflito têm menos probabilidade de desenvolver a governança criminal. Usando ideias de trajetórias históricas (path dependence), introduzo um novo mecanismo por meio do qual as ordens de guerra afetam o comportamento criminoso: processos de aprendizado dentro e fora dos grupos criminosos.  Originalidade:  mostro que, para entender completamente a criminalidade pós-conflito, é fundamental considerar os atores armados marginalmente envolvidos na guerra, mas essenciais para o controle territorial. Além disso, que, para entender a governança criminal, os líderes de nível médio dos grupos armados e os processos de aprendizagem são fundamentais.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cali]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[criminal governance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Medellín]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[path dependence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[paramilitaries]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[post-conflict.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cali]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Medellín]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gobernanza criminal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[paramilitares]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[postconflicto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trayectorias históricas.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Cali]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Medellín]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[governança criminal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[paramilitares]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[pós-conflito]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[trajetórias históricas.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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