<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-7550</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Nómadas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Nómadas]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-7550</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Central]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-75502022000100067</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30578/nomadas.n56a4</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[¿Cómo cobran la matrícula las universidades públicas en Colombia? Evidencia 2009-2019]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Como é a cobrança da matrícula nas universidades públicas na Colômbia? Evidência 2009-2019]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[How Do Public Universities in Colombia Charge Tuition? Evidence 2009-2019]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bayona-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rueda-Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ome]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Germán]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de los Andes Facultad de Educación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ministerio de Educación Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<fpage>67</fpage>
<lpage>91</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-75502022000100067&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-75502022000100067&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-75502022000100067&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El artículo presenta una comparación de los modelos de cobro de matrículas de pregrado de las universidades públicas en Colombia para tres tipos de estudiantes: de ingresos bajos, de ingresos promedio y de ingresos altos. Dicha comparación ha puesto en evidencia que los modelos de cobro son diversos y se pueden clasificar en tres tipologías, asimismo, para iguales condiciones socioeconómicas, los modelos estiman diferentes costos de matrículas, lo cual genera inequidad en el acceso; los modelos no ajustan los valores por el costo de vida regional, y ello acentúa la inequidad; finalmente, los costos de las matrículas no se relacionan con calidad. Se sugiere un esquema de cobro más homogéneo y de amplia difusión para los hogares.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo O artigo apresenta uma comparação dos modelos de cobrança das matrículas de graduação das universidades públicas na Colômbia para três tipos de estudantes: de ingressos econômicos baixos, médios e altos. Esta comparação coloca em evidência que os modelos de cobrança são diversos e podem ser classificados em três tipos, igualmente, para iguais condições socioeconômicas, os modelos estimam diferentes custos de matrícula, o qual gera inequidade no acesso; os modelos não ajustam os seus valores pelo custo de vida regional, e aquilo acentua a inequidade; finalmente, os custos das matrículas não se relacionam com a qualidade. Se sugere um esquema de cobrança mais homogêneo e de ampla difusão para os lares.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The article presents a comparison of the undergraduate tuition charging models of public universities in Colombia for three types of students: low-income, average-income and high-income. This comparison has shown that the charging models are varied, and can be classified into three typologies; likewise, for the same socioeconomic conditions, the models estimate different enrollment costs, which generates inequity in access; the models do not adjust the values for the regional cost of living, and this accentuates inequity. Finally, tuition costs are not related to quality. A more homogeneous and widely distributed collection scheme for households is suggested.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[educación superior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[costos educativos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[costo de matrícula]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[educación pública]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inequidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ingresos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[educação superior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[custos educativos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[custo de matrícula]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[educação pública]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[inequidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[ingressos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[higher education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[educational costs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tuition cost]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[public education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[inequality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[income]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALBATCH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Clear Trends and Murky Future]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Brill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AYALA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Financiamiento de la Educación Superior en Colombia: Reflexiones para un próximo futuro]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de la Educación Superior]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>156</numero>
<issue>156</issue>
<page-range>89-102</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BALCÃO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Public Funding of Higher Education: Who Gains, Who Loses?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[SSRN Electronic Journal]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BARRERA-OSORIO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BAYONA-RODRÍGUEZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Signaling or Better Human Capital: Evidence from Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics of Education Review]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<numero>70</numero>
<issue>70</issue>
<page-range>20-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BOK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Higher Education in America.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BRUNNER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LABRAÑA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Financiamiento de la educación superior, gratuidad y proyecto de nuevo crédito estudiantil]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de estudios públicos (CEP)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DÍAZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Universidad, autonomía y financiación]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Murcia; Universidad de Murcia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ESPINOZA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[URZÚA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Economic Returns to Higher Education: Funding, coverage, and quality in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>EURYDICE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[El gobierno de la educación superior en Europa: Políticas, estructuras, financiación y personal académico]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Unidad Europea]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FELLET]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La difícil vida de los estudiantes de Estados Unidos con deudas de cientos de miles de dólares para pagar la universidad]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GEIGER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HELLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Financial Trends in Higher Education: The United States]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Pennsylvania State University, Working Paper 6]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GREENAWAY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HAYNES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Funding Higher Education in the UK: The Role of Fees and Loans]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Economic Journal]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>113</volume>
<numero>485</numero>
<issue>485</issue>
<page-range>150-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GREENAWAY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HAYNES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Funding Higher Education]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Chapters]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GUNDERSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[OREOPOULOS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Returns to Education in Developed Countries.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics of Education]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>37-43</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Academic Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HUFF]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La financiación de la enseñanza superior en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[IZQUIERDO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CARTA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Una alternativa progresiva a la estructura lineal de precios públicos en la financiación del sistema universitario en España]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios de Economía Aplicada]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1097-116</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KIRBY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Degrees of Debt: Funding and Finance for Undergraduates in Anglophone Countries]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Sutton Trust]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LEMAITRE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ZENTENO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TORRE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CASSORLA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALVARADO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sistemas de educación superior y mecanismos de financiamiento: Elementos para una discusión sobre gratuidad en la educación superior]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cinda]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MARTÍNEZ-RESTREPO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Una financiación de la educación superior en Colombia para la movilidad social]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>OCDE (Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos. La Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Educatión and a Glance 2019: OCDE Indicators]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OECD Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TANDBERG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Politics, Interest Groups and State Funding of Public Higher Education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Research in Higher Education]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>416-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TILAK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. B. G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global Trends in Funding Higher Education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Higher Education]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<numero>42</numero>
<issue>42</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VIAENE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ZILCHA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Public Funding of Higher Education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Public Economics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<numero>108</numero>
<issue>108</issue>
<page-range>78-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ZHANG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KANG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BARNES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Systematic Literature Review of Funding for Higher Education Institutions in Developed Countries]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers of Education in China]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>519-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
