<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-8123</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Colombiana de Reumatología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev.Colomb.Reumatol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-8123</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Colombiana de Reumatología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-81232014000400003</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.rcreu.2014.10.001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Frecuencia de anticuerpos antipéptido cíclico citrulinado y factor reumatoide en pacientes con enfermedades reumatológicas de un centro de reumatología, Medellín, Colombia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Frequency of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and rheumatoid factor in patients with rheumatic diseases from a rheumatology outpatient center in Medellin, Colombia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz-Grajales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz Vahos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Horacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz Betancur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario de San Vicente Fundación  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>177</fpage>
<lpage>182</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-81232014000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-81232014000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-81232014000400003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Introducción: El inicio oportuno de la terapia en artritis reumatoide evita el daño articular, y para ello es necesario un diagnóstico precoz. La detección del factor reumatoide y de los anticuerpos antipéptido cíclico citrulinado forma parte del abordaje diagnóstico inicial del paciente con artritis. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de factor reumatoide y de anticuerpos antipéptido cíclico citrulinado en pacientes con artritis reumatoide y otras enfermedades reumatológicas, atendidos en un centro ambulatorio de reumatología, en Medellín, Colombia. Métodos: Evaluamos la presencia de factor reumatoide y de anticuerpos antipéptido cíclico citrulinado en 246 sujetos (64 con artritis reumatoide, 80 con otras enfermedades reumatológicas, 61 con osteoartritis y 41 sanos o con fibromialgia). Resultados: En los pacientes con artritis reumatoide la frecuencia de factor reumatoide y de anticuerpos antipéptido cíclico citrulinado y doble positividad fue: 86, 83 y 80%, respectivamente; y en otras enfermedades reumatológicas: 12,5%; 6% y 1%. Ningún sujeto con fibromialgia o sano resultó positivo para antipéptido cíclico citrulinado, pero hasta un 5% presentó positividad para factor reumatoide. Conclusión: Se debe tener presente la posibilidad de positividad para factor reumatoide y antipéptidos cíclicos citrulinados en otras enfermedades diferentes a la artritis reumatoide y en personas sanas; especialmente para el primero.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Introduction: The initiation of therapy in rheumatoid arthritis prevents joint damage, but this requires an early diagnosis. The detection of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide is part of the initial diagnostic approach of patients with arthritis. Objective: To determine the frequency of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases in patients of a rheumatology outpatient center in Medellin, Colombia. Methods: An evaluation is made of the presence of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide in 246 subjects (64 with rheumatoid arthritis, 80 with other rheumatic diseases, 61 with osteoarthritis and 41 healthy or with fibromyalgia). Results: In rheumatoid arthritis patients the frequency of rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, and double positivity (rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide simultaneously) was: 86%, 83% and 80%, respectively, and in other rheumatologic diseases it was: 12.5%, 6%, and 1%, respectively. No subjects with fibromyalgia, or healthy, tested positive for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, but up to 5% showed positivity for rheumatoid factor. Conclusion: The possibility of positivity for rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides in diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis and in healthy people should be taken into account, and particularly rheumatoid factor.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Factor reumatoide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Artritis reumatoide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Anticuerpos antipéptido cíclico citrulinado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Artritis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Diagnóstico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Rheumatoid factor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Rheumatoid arthritis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Arthritis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Diagnosis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <font face="Verdana" size="2">     <p><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcreu.2014.10.001" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcreu.2014.10.001</a></p>     <p><B>Investigaci&oacute;n original</B></p>     <p align="center"><font size="4"><b>Frecuencia de anticuerpos antip&eacute;ptido c&iacute;clico citrulinado y factor reumatoide en pacientes con enfermedades reumatol&oacute;gicas de un centro de reumatolog&iacute;a, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font size="3"><b>Frequency of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and rheumatoid factor in patients with rheumatic diseases from a rheumatology outpatient center in Medellin, Colombia</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><i><b>Carolina Mu&ntilde;oz-Grajales</b></i><sup>a</sup>, <i><b>Carlos Horacio Mu&ntilde;oz Vahos</b></i><sup>b</sup>, <i><b>James D&iacute;az Betancur</b></i><sup>c</sup> y <i><b>Luis Alberto Ram&iacute;rez G&oacute;mez</b></i><sup>d,*</sup></p>      <p><Sup>a </Sup><I>Departamento de Medicina Interna, Divisi&oacute;n de Reumatolog&iacute;a, Hospital Pablo Tob&oacute;n Uribe, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia </I>    <br> <Sup>b </Sup><I>Departamento de Medicina Interna, Divisi&oacute;n de Reumatolog&iacute;a, Hospital Universitario de San Vicente Fundaci&oacute;n, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia </I>    <br> <Sup>c </Sup><I>Grupo Acad&eacute;mico de Epidemiolog&iacute;a Cl&iacute;nica (GRAEPIC), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Estrategia de Sostenibilidad 2013-2014, Hospital Universitario de San Vicente Fundaci&oacute;n, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia </I>    <br> <Sup>d </Sup><I>Secci&oacute;n de Reumatolog&iacute;a, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Reumatologya SA, Cl&iacute;nica Las Vegas, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia </I></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><sup>*</sup> <I>Autor para correspondencia</I>.  Correo electr&oacute;nico: <a href="mailto:largo2001co@gmail.com">largo2001co@gmail.com</a> (L.A. Ram&iacute;rez G&oacute;mez). </p>     <p><I>Historia del art&iacute;culo: </I>Recibido el 22 de noviembre de 2013 Aceptado el 10 de octubre de 2014 <I>On-line </I>el 11 de noviembre de 2014 </p> <hr>     <p><b><font size="3">Resumen</font></b></p>     <p><I>Introducci&oacute;n</I>: El inicio oportuno de la terapia en artritis reumatoide evita el da&ntilde;o articular, y para ello es necesario un diagn&oacute;stico precoz. La detecci&oacute;n del factor reumatoide y de los anticuerpos antip&eacute;ptido c&iacute;clico citrulinado forma parte del abordaje diagn&oacute;stico inicial del paciente con artritis.</p>     <p><I>Objetivo: </I>Determinar la frecuencia de factor reumatoide y de anticuerpos antip&eacute;ptido c&iacute;clico citrulinado en pacientes con artritis reumatoide y otras enfermedades reumatol&oacute;gicas, atendidos en un centro ambulatorio de reumatolog&iacute;a, en Medell&iacute;n, Colombia.</p>     <p><I>M&eacute;todos: </I>Evaluamos la presencia de factor reumatoide y de anticuerpos antip&eacute;ptido c&iacute;clico citrulinado en 246 sujetos (64 con artritis reumatoide, 80 con otras enfermedades reumatol&oacute;gicas, 61 con osteoartritis y 41 sanos o con fibromialgia).</p>     <p><I>Resultados: </I>En los pacientes con artritis reumatoide la frecuencia de factor reumatoide y de anticuerpos antip&eacute;ptido c&iacute;clico citrulinado y doble positividad fue: 86, 83 y 80%, respectivamente; y en otras enfermedades reumatol&oacute;gicas: 12,5%; 6% y 1%. Ning&uacute;n sujeto con fibromialgia o sano result&oacute; positivo para antip&eacute;ptido c&iacute;clico citrulinado, pero hasta un 5% present&oacute; positividad para factor reumatoide. </p>     <p><I>Conclusi&oacute;n: </I>Se debe tener presente la posibilidad de positividad para factor reumatoide y antip&eacute;ptidos c&iacute;clicos citrulinados en otras enfermedades diferentes a la artritis reumatoide y en personas sanas; especialmente para el primero. </p>     <p><I><b>Palabras clave</b>: </I>Factor reumatoide, Artritis reumatoide, Anticuerpos antip&eacute;ptido c&iacute;clico citrulinado, Artritis, Diagn&oacute;stico.</p> <hr>      <p><font size="3"><b>Abstract</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><I>Introduction</I>: The initiation of therapy in rheumatoid arthritis prevents joint damage, but this requires an early diagnosis. The detection of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide is part of the initial diagnostic approach of patients with arthritis.</p>     <p><i>Objective</i>: To determine the frequency of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases in patients of a rheumatology outpatient center in Medellin, Colombia.</p>     <p><i>Methods</i>: An evaluation is made of the presence of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide in 246 subjects (64 with rheumatoid arthritis, 80 with other rheumatic diseases, 61 with osteoarthritis and 41 healthy or with fibromyalgia).</p>     <p><i>Results</i>: In rheumatoid arthritis patients the frequency of rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, and double positivity (rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide simultaneously) was: 86%, 83% and 80%, respectively, and in other rheumatologic diseases it was: 12.5%, 6%, and 1%, respectively. No subjects with fibromyalgia, or healthy, tested positive for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, but up to 5% showed positivity for rheumatoid factor.</p>     <p><i>Conclusion</i>: The possibility of positivity for rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides in diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis and in healthy people should be taken into account, and particularly rheumatoid factor. </p>     <p><I><b>Keywords</b>: </I>Rheumatoid factor, Rheumatoid arthritis, Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, Arthritis, Diagnosis.</p> <hr>      <p><font size="3"><b>Introducci&oacute;n</b></font></p>     <p>El factor reumatoide (FR) se utiliza rutinariamente en la evaluaci&oacute;n de pacientes con artritis o artralgias inflamatorias, de inicio reciente, para establecer el diagn&oacute;stico de artritis reumatoide (AR); no obstante, otras enfermedades reumatol&oacute;gicas y no reumatol&oacute;gicas pueden dar positividad para dicho factor, disminuyendo su especificidad<Sup>1,2</Sup>; y solo est&aacute; presente en el 50-80% de los pacientes con AR, con mayor probabilidad de resultar negativo en estadios tempranos de la enfermedad<Sup>3</Sup>. </p>     <p>Desde hace varios a&ntilde;os los anticuerpos antip&eacute;ptido c&iacute;clico citrulinado (anti-PCC) han surgido como un biomarcador &uacute;til en el diagn&oacute;stico y pron&oacute;stico de pacientes con AR<Sup>4,5</Sup>. Aunque la mayor&iacute;a de los estudios coinciden en que tienen una especificidad de hasta un 10% mayor que el FR para diagn&oacute;stico de la AR, otros han observado una especificidad similar y, como en el caso del FR, positividad en otras enfermedades diferentes alaAR<Sup>6</Sup>. En pacientes colombianos se dispone de pocos estudios sobre el desempe&ntilde;o diagn&oacute;stico del FR y los anti-PCC en el diagn&oacute;stico de la AR<Sup>7,8 </Sup>y menos en el escenario de otras enfermedades con compromiso articular. En este art&iacute;culo nosotros evaluamos la frecuencia del FR y los anti-PCC en pacientes con AR, otras enfermedades reumatol&oacute;gicas y controles sanos, atendidos en un centro ambulatorio de reumatolog&iacute;a. </p>     <p><font size="3"><b>Metodolog&iacute;a</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Se hizo un estudio transversal en el que se incluyeron individuos con diagn&oacute;stico de AR u otras enfermedades reumatol&oacute;gicas y sujetos sanos, atendidos en un centro ambulatorio de reumatolog&iacute;a en Medell&iacute;n, Colombia. </p>     <p>Se revisaron los registros cl&iacute;nicos de los pacientes mayores de 18 a&ntilde;os que consultaron por artralgias o artritis entre abril de 1997 y agosto de 2011. Se incluyeron los individuos que ten&iacute;an al menos una medici&oacute;n de FR y anti-PCC y se excluyeron las historias cl&iacute;nicas mal codificadas o incompletas y las historias de pacientes que no tuvieran al menos 2 consultas de seguimiento o un diagn&oacute;stico claro establecido. La informaci&oacute;n se recogi&oacute; entre octubre y noviembre de 2011. </p>     <p>Se tom&oacute; como prueba de referencia o est&aacute;ndar de oro para el diagn&oacute;stico de AR el criterio de un &uacute;nico reumat&oacute;logo (LARGO). Asimismo, para el diagn&oacute;stico de las otras enfermedades reumatol&oacute;gicas se consider&oacute; el criterio del mismo reumat&oacute;logo (LARGO), que se bas&oacute; en la aplicaci&oacute;n de los criterios vigentes en el momento de la evaluaci&oacute;n para cada una de las enfermedades. Los resultados de las pruebas de FR y anti-PCC se homogeneizaron seg&uacute;n punto de corte como positivo o negativo, independientemente de la t&eacute;cnica de laboratorio utilizada, y se catalogaron de acuerdo a la positividad en alta (3 o m&aacute;s veces el valor de referencia) o baja (menos de 3 veces). </p>     <p><I><b>An&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico</b></I></p>     <p>Se categorizaron los pacientes en 4 grupos: AR, otras enfermedades reumatol&oacute;gicas (incluidas lupus eritematoso sist&eacute;mico &#91;LES&#93;, s&iacute;ndrome de Sj&ouml;gren, esclerosis sist&eacute;mica, artritis indiferenciada, eritema nudoso, enfermedad por microcristales, reumatismo palindr&oacute;mico, polimialgia reum&aacute;tica), osteoartritis, y sano o con fibromialgia. Las variables cualitativas se describen en t&eacute;rminos absolutos y porcentajes, y las variables cuantitativas como medianas y su respectivo rango intercuart&iacute;lico (RIQ), es decir, percentiles 25 y 75. Se utilizaron los <I>software </I>Stata 11 y Epidat 3.1. </p>     <p><font size="3"><b>Resultados</b></font></p>     <p>Se incluyeron 246 sujetos que hab&iacute;an sido evaluados por artralgias o artritis (64 con AR, 80 con otras enfermedades reumatol&oacute;gicas, 61 con osteoartritis, 9 con fibromialgia y 32 sanos). El 82% (202) era de sexo femenino, la mediana de edad fue de 51 a&ntilde;os (RIQ 40-60) y la mediana de seguimiento para toda la poblaci&oacute;n fue de 5,7 meses (RIQ 1-22). En las <a href="#t1">tablas 1</a> y <a href="#t2">2</a> se describen las caracter&iacute;sticas demogr&aacute;ficas para las condiciones estudiadas. </p>     <p align="center"><a name="t1"></a><img src="img/revistas/rcre/v21n4/v21n4a03t1.jpg"></p>     <p align="center"><a name="t2"></a><img src="img/revistas/rcre/v21n4/v21n4a03t2.jpg"></p>     <p>En los pacientes con diagn&oacute;stico final de AR, la positividad para FR fue del 86% y para los anti-PCC del 83%. En el 30% de los pacientes con AR los s&iacute;ntomas hab&iacute;an comenzado hac&iacute;a menos de 3 meses, en el 40% menos de 6 meses y en el 58% menos de 12 meses. Solamente 3 de los pacientes con AR con menos de 6 meses de evoluci&oacute;n de los s&iacute;ntomas fueron negativos para FR y anti-PCC. La frecuencia de FR y anti-PCC para cada grupo se describe en la <a href="#t3">tabla 3</a>. </p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><a name="t3"></a><img src="img/revistas/rcre/v21n4/v21n4a03t3.jpg"></p>     <p>De los 14 pacientes sin AR con FR positivo (10 con otra enfermedad reumatol&oacute;gica, 2 con osteoartritis y 2 sanos o con fibromialgia) 6 ten&iacute;an t&iacute;tulos altos de FR &ndash;3 o m&aacute;s veces&ndash; (2 sanos, 2 con osteoartritis y 2 con reumatismo palindr&oacute;mico; los de artrosis con 65 y 70 a &tilde;</p>     <p>nos de edad). </p>     <p>Los 9 pacientes sin AR con anti-PCC positivo ten&iacute;an: 4 osteoartritis y 5 otra enfermedad reumatol&oacute;gica (2 enfermedad articular inflamatoria no diferenciada, uno reumatismo palindr&oacute;mico, 2 LES). Solo uno de estos pacientes ten&iacute;a t&iacute;tulos 3 o m&aacute;s veces el valor de referencia. </p>     <p>Nueve (14%) de los pacientes con diagn&oacute;stico de AR fueron diagnosticados despu&eacute;s de los 65 a&ntilde;os, sin diferencias cl&iacute;nicas o en positividad de biomarcadores respecto a los pacientes de menor edad. Solo un paciente de este grupo comenz&oacute; con afecci&oacute;n de cintura escapular y p&eacute;lvica (inicio polimi&aacute;lgico). Trece pacientes ten&iacute;an diagn&oacute;stico final de polimialgia reum&aacute;tica; ninguno de estos result&oacute; positivo para FR o anti-PCC. </p>     <p><font size="3"><b>Discusi&oacute;n</b></font></p>     <p>Aunque la sensibilidad y especificidad de las pruebas pueden diferir entre estudios debido a la utilizaci&oacute;n de diferentes poblaciones de pacientes, controles, tipos de ensayos, t&eacute;cnicas y puntos de corte<sup>5,9,10</sup>, se acepta una sensibilidad parecida entre FR y anti-PCC cuando se toman en consideraci&oacute;n los anticuerpos anticitrulina de segunda o tercera generaci&oacute;n, con incremento de aproximadamente un 5-10% en la especificidad de anti-PCC respecto al FR1,<sup>5,11,12</sup>. Hay que resaltar que la especificidad resulta mayor (99-100%) al combinarlas<sup>3,8,13â€“15</sup>.</p>      <p>Se ha reconocido la aparici&oacute;n temprana, en el curso de la AR, de los anti-PCC y su presencia en el 35-50% de los pacientes con AR y FR negativo<Sup>3,16</Sup>; en nuestro estudio la positividad de FR y anti-PCC fue similar entre quienes ten&iacute;an menos de 3 y 6 meses del inicio de los s&iacute;ntomas, equivalente al 20% y al 40% de la poblaci&oacute;n con AR evaluada, respectivamente; y solo 2 de los 9 pacientes (22%) con AR y FR negativo eran positivos para anti-PCC. Esta diferencia puede obedecer m&aacute;s al menor n&uacute;mero de pacientes incluidos que al corto tiempo de evoluci&oacute;n de la artritis, dado que la mayor&iacute;a de estos pacientes (FR negativo) ten&iacute;a m&aacute;s de 24 meses de seguimiento. </p>     <p>Aunque fueron pocos pacientes, no observamos diferencias cl&iacute;nicas en la positividad de biomarcadores entre los pacientes con AR de inicio en el adulto mayor y los pacientes con AR de inicio en el adulto joven. </p>     <p>Tanto el FR como los anti-PCC fueron negativos en los 13 pacientes con polimialgia reum&aacute;tica, lo que apoya su utilidad para diferenciar esta enfermedad de la artritis de inicio polimi&aacute;lgico en el adulto mayor<Sup>17,18</Sup>, diferencia que en ocasiones es dif&iacute;cil de establecer con otros par&aacute;metros cl&iacute;nicos o paracl&iacute;nicos<Sup>19 </Sup>y, en particular, con la frecuencia de positividad reportada para FR en pacientes mayores de 65 a&ntilde;os. </p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>A pesar de la alta especificidad de los anti-PCC, hay reportes de positividad; en enfermedades reumatol&oacute;gicas diferentes a la AR, como LES, s&iacute;ndrome de Sj&ouml;gren, artritis psori&aacute;sica, esclerosis sist&eacute;mica, artritis idiop&aacute;tica juvenil, miopat&iacute;a inflamatoria y reumatismo palindr&oacute;mico<Sup>20&ndash;27</Sup>, generalmente a t&iacute;tulos bajos<Sup>28</Sup>. En nuestro caso se observ&oacute; positividad en LES; en reumatismo palindr&oacute;mico y en enfermedad articular inflamatoria no diferenciada, condiciones en las cuales se ha reconocido la positividad de anti-PCC como factor predictor de progresi&oacute;n a AR o enfermedad erosiva<Sup>29&ndash;36</Sup>. </p>     <p>Cuatro pacientes con osteoartritis resultaron positivos para anti-PCC, uno de ellos a altos t&iacute;tulos, sin evidencia cl&iacute;nica o imaginol&oacute;gica de AR hasta el &uacute;ltimo seguimiento; aunque no es frecuente, esta positividad ya hab&iacute;a sido observada en algunos de los estudios de comparaci&oacute;n del rendimiento diagn&oacute;stico entre FR y anti-PCC<Sup>25,27,37</Sup>. No es posible descartar que en el futuro estos pacientes presenten manifestaciones de la enfermedad considerando la reconocida probabilidad de positividad de estos anticuerpos, en particular los anti-PCC, a&ntilde;os antes del desarrollo de s&iacute;ntomas de AR<Sup>30,37&ndash;39</Sup>. La positividad de FR en los 2 casos de osteoartritis pudo obedecer a la edad de los pacientes (65 y 70 a&ntilde;os). </p>     <p>Aunque una de las ventajas del presente estudio es haber sido realizado considerando los resultados de FR y anti-PCC que los pacientes evaluados por el servicio de reumatolog&iacute;a por s&iacute;ntomas articulares llevaran a la siguiente consulta, independientemente de la t&eacute;cnica (vida real), tambi&eacute;n constituye una limitaci&oacute;n dado que la t&eacute;cnica y la estandarizaci&oacute;n de las pruebas son factores determinantes de su desempe&ntilde;o. No obstante, los resultados estuvieron acordes con lo reportado en la literatura. El car&aacute;cter retrospectivo hace posible el sesgo de informaci&oacute;n que se control&oacute; con los criterios de exclusi&oacute;n (de historias cl&iacute;nicas incompletas); se considera ideal un mayor tiempo de seguimiento en el grupo de pacientes sin AR con marcadores positivos. </p>     <p><font size="3"><b>Conclusiones</b></font></p>     <p>Siempre se debe tener presente la posibilidad de falsos positivos para FR en enfermedades reumatol&oacute;gicas y no reumatol&oacute;gicas. El FR y los anti-PCC son &uacute;tiles para discriminar entre artritis de inicio en el adulto mayor y polimialgia reum&aacute;tica. </p>     <p><b><font size="3">Responsabilidades &eacute;ticas</font></b></p>     <p>Protecci&oacute;n de personas y animales. Los autores declaran que para esta investigaci&oacute;n no se han realizado experimentos en seres humanos ni en animales. </p>     <p>Confidencialidad de los datos. Los autores declaran que han seguido los protocolos de su centro de trabajo sobre la publicaci&oacute;n de datos de pacientes. </p>     <p>Derecho a la privacidad y consentimiento informado. Los autores declaran que en este art&iacute;culo no aparecen datos de pacientes. </p>     <p><font size="3"><b>Conflicto de intereses</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Los autores declaran no tener ning&uacute;n conflicto de intereses. </p> <hr>     <p><font size="3"><b>Bibliograf&iacute;a</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p>1. Puszczewicz M, Iwaszkiewicz C. Role of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Med Sci. 2011;2:189-94.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000065&pid=S0121-8123201400040000300001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>     <!-- ref --><p>2. Poulsom H, Charles PJ. Antibodies to citrullinated vimentin are a specific and sensitive marker for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2008;34:4-10.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000067&pid=S0121-8123201400040000300002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>     <!-- ref --><p>3. Abdel-Nasser AM, Mahmoud MH, El Mansoury TM, Osman AM. Anti-CCP2 is an adjunct to, not a surrogate for, rheumatoid factor in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis: Diagnostic utility of anti-CCP2 antibodies in Egyptian patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2008;37:329-36.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000069&pid=S0121-8123201400040000300003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>     <!-- ref --><p>4. Quinn MA, Gough AKS, Green MJ, Devlin J, Hensor EMA, Greenstein A, et al. Anti-CCP antibodies measured at disease onset help identify seronegative rheumatoid arthritis and  predict radiological and functional outcome. Rheumatol Oxf Engl. 2006;45:478-80.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000071&pid=S0121-8123201400040000300004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>     ]]></body>
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