<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0121-8697</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Derecho]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Derecho]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0121-8697</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Universidad del Norte]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0121-86972022000100133</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14482/dere.57.505.499</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Fines for Illegal Trade of Wild Fauna: A Difficult to Impose Sanction in Colombia?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Multas al tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre: ¿Una sanción difícil de imponer en Colombia?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Zamudio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Natalia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>57</numero>
<fpage>133</fpage>
<lpage>154</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0121-86972022000100133&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0121-86972022000100133&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0121-86972022000100133&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This research aimed to identify the causes of the Low imposition of fines on the illegal trade of wild fauna in Colombia, and to identify how much of the responsibility falls on the current methodology that Colombian environmental authorities must use to calculate these fines (i.e., "Methodology for the Calculation of Fines for Infringement of the Environmental Normative"). For this purpose, a survey was applied to public officials belonging to Colombian environmental authorities. The results revealed that these entities have several reasons for not imposing fines on the illegal trade of wild fauna. The most important cause is the fact that the referred methodology does not serve the purpose of estimating fines on this illicit activity, since its variable "Degree of environmental affectation" was not designed to be calculated on fauna. This impossibility of calculating fines on the illegal trade of wild fauna has generated two types of behaviors in Colombian environmental authorities: 1) some have refrained from imposing fines on this illicit activity (thus impeding a deterrent effect); and 2) others have modified the methodology (thus breaching the principle of legality), in order to be able to the calculate the fines in the case of this illicit activity. Therefore, given that neither of these two behaviors is suitable, this research calls for the Government of Colombia to enact a new or modified methodology to calculate fines for environmental infringements that adjusts to the characteristics and environmental affectations of the illegal trade of wild fauna.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar las causas de la baja imposición de multas al tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre en Colombia, e identificar cuánta responsabilidad tiene al respecto la actual metodología que deben usar las autoridades ambientales colombianas para calcular estas multas (i.e., "Metodología para el Cálculo de Multas por Infracción a la Normativa Ambiental"). Para este propósito, se aplicó una encuesta a servidores públicos de las autoridades ambientales colombianas. Los resultados revelaron que estas entidades tienen varias razones para no imponer multas al tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre. La causa más importante es el hecho de que la metodología referida no sirve para estimar multas en el caso de esta actividad ilícita, ya que su variable "Grado de afectación ambiental" no fue diseñada para ser calculada en fauna. Esta imposibilidad de calcular multas por el tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre ha provocado dos tipos de conductas en las autoridades ambientales colombianas: 1) algunas se han abstenido de imponer multas a esta actividad ilícita (impidiendo así un efecto disuasorio); y 2) otras han modificado La metodología (vulnerando así el principio de legalidad) para poder calcular las multas en el caso de esta actividad ilícita. Por consiguiente, dado que ninguna de estas dos conductas es adecuada, esta investigación insta al Gobierno de Colombia a promulgar una metodología (nueva o modificada) para el cálculo de multas por infracciones ambientales, que se ajuste a las características y afectaciones ambientales del tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Administrative sanctions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[environmental authorities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[environmental impacts]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[illegal wildlife trade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[law enforcement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[monetary sanctions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Aplicación de la ley]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[autoridades ambientales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[impactos ambientales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sanciones administrativas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sanciones monetarias]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tráico ilegal de especies silvestres]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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