<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0122-8285</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Palabra Clave]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Palabra Clave]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0122-8285</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de La Sabana]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0122-82852019000400004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5294/pacla.2019.22.4.4</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Making of a Modern Newspaper: El Tiempo in Colombia, 1911-1940]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La creación de un periódico moderno: El Tiempo en Colombia, 1911-1940]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Criação de um jornal moderno: El Tiempo na Colômbia, 1911-1940]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aponte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Oscar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,City University of New York The Graduate Center ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0122-82852019000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0122-82852019000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0122-82852019000400004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In this article I examine the first three decades of operation of the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo as a critical moment to understand the influential position the newspaper held in the country during a large portion of the twentieth century. In particular, I analyze the history of El Tiempo as a business, a topic usually unexplored by the history of the press and the public sphere in Colombia. In the first part, I explore the revenue and expenses of El Tiempo. I argue that facing the imported paper crisis generated by World War I, El Tiempo developed an effective commercial strategy that led the newspaper to become financially independent. In the second part, I analyze the internal organization of El Tiempo and the state of journalism as a profession in Colombia. I argue that the rationalization of tasks and the creation of a workers&#8217; union at El Tiempo anticipated some aspects of what would characterize the professionalization of national journalism. In the third part, I explore the printing technologies and means of transportation used by El Tiempo to print and distribute newspaper issues. I argue that faster printing technologies and means of transportation enabled El Tiempo to expand its format and enlarge its circulation. In the conclusion, I suggest that the modernization of the press in Colombia led by El Tiempo had as a particularity that newspapers became modern while being the organ of a political party, in contrast to other Latin American countries where modern newspaper were independent from political parties.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En el presente artículo examino las tres primeras décadas de funcionamiento del periódico El Tiempo como momento crítico para entender la posición influyente del periódico en el país durante gran parte del siglo XX. En particular, analizo la historia de El Tiempo como negocio, un tema que, en términos generales, no ha sido explorado por la historia de la prensa y la esfera pública en Colombia. En la primera parte, exploro los ingresos y gastos de El Tiempo. Argumento que, ante la crisis de la importación de papel generada por la Primera Guerra Mundial, El Tiempo desarrolló una estrategia comercial efectiva que llevó al periódico a convertirse en financieramente independiente. En la segunda parte, analizo la organización interna de El Tiempo y el estado del periodismo como profesión en Colombia. Sostengo que la racionalización de tareas y la creación de un sindicato de trabajadores en El Tiempo anticiparon algunos aspectos de lo que caracterizaría la profesionalización del periodismo nacional. En la tercera parte, exploro las tecnologías de impresión y los medios de transporte utilizados por El Tiempo para imprimir y distribuir las ediciones del periódico. Argumento que la mayor rapidez de las tecnologías de impresión y de los medios de transporte le permitió a El Tiempo ampliar su formato y aumentar su circulación. A modo de conclusión, sugiero que la modernización de la prensa en Colombia liderada por El Tiempo tuvo como particularidad el hecho de que los periódicos se modernizaron, a la vez que siguieron siendo el órgano de un partido político, a diferencia de otros países latinoamericanos donde los periódicos modernos eran independientes de los partidos políticos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Neste artigo, analiso as primeiras três décadas do jornal El Tiempo como um momento crítico para compreender a posição influente do jornal no país durante grande parte do século XX. Em particular, analiso a história de El Tiempo como negócio, uma questão que, em termos gerais, não tem sido explorada pela história da imprensa e a esfera pública na Colômbia. Na primeira parte, exploro as receitas e despesas do El Tiempo. Argumento que, diante da crise na importação de papel gerada pela Primeira Guerra Mundial, El Tiempo desenvolveu uma estratégia comercial eficaz que levou o jornal a se tornar financeiramente independente. Na segunda parte, analiso a organização interna de El Tiempo e o estado do jornalismo como profissão na Colômbia. Argumento que a racionalização de tarefas e a criação de um sindicato de trabalhadores em El Tiempo anteciparam alguns aspectos do que caracterizaria a profissionalização do jornalismo nacional. Na terceira parte, exploro as tecnologias de impressão e os meios de transporte utilizados por El Tiempo para imprimir e distribuir as edições do jornal. Argumento que as tecnologias de impressão e meios de transporte mais rápidos permitiram a El Tiempo expandir seu formato e acrescentar sua circulação. Para concluir, sugiro que a modernização da imprensa colombiana liderada por El Tiempo teve, como particularidade, o fato de os jornais terem sido modernizados, ao mesmo tempo em que mantiveram-se em órgão de um partido político, ao contrário de outros países latino-americanos onde os jornais modernos eram independentes dos partidos políticos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[newspapers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[journalism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[advertising]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[press advertising]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[advertising printing machines]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[printing workshops]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[periódico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[periodismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[publicidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[publicidad periodística]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[máquina impresora de publicidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[imprenta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Colômbia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[jornal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[jornalismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[publicidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[publicidade jornalística]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[impressora de publicidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[impressão]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Newsworkers: Towards a history of the rank and file.]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Minneapolis, MN ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Minnesota Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Letter addressed to Fernando Vega Escobar]]></source>
<year>1934</year>
<page-range>197-8</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango]]></publisher-name>
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<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La crisis de la democracia en Colombia y &#8220;El Tiempo .&#8221;]]></source>
<year>1955</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gráfica Panamericana]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
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<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Sindicato de Trabajadores de El Tiempo .</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Letter addressed to Eduardo Santos]]></source>
<year>1934</year>
<page-range>149-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
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<ref id="B41">
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<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vanegas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Todas son iguales. Estudios sobre la democracia en Colombia.]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Externado de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
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</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
