<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0122-9893</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Derecho del Estado]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Derecho Estado]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0122-9893</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Externado de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0122-98932020000200161</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18601/01229893.n46.07</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Más allá del principio de proporcionalidad-]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Beyond the principle of proportionality]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERRERES-COMELLA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VÍCTOR]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Pompeu Fabra  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>46</numero>
<fpage>161</fpage>
<lpage>188</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0122-98932020000200161&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0122-98932020000200161&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0122-98932020000200161&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El presente artículo aborda el principio de proporcionalidad a la luz de una teoría sustantiva de la justicia y los derechos subjetivos que lo fundamenta. A pesar de la existencia del principio de proporcionalidad, resulta necesaria una teoría "externa" a la mecánica del funcionamiento del principio de proporcionalidad. Una que sirva de soporte a los jueces al momento de responder las preguntas normativas que exige la aplicación del principio. Los pasos y las probabilidades de la proporcionalidad no son suficientes a la hora de identificar distinciones cualitativas entre derechos o atribuir pesos abstractos a la restricción de un derecho vis-à-vis el cumplimiento de un fin legítimo o la garantía de otro derecho de igual importancia. Por tal razón, el presente artículo subraya la necesidad de elaborar serie de teorías sustantivas que sustenten el test de proporcionalidad al determinar, entre otros elementos, el alcance y la aplicación de los derechos en las diferentes esferas sociales, el efecto horizontal de los derechos constitucionales en el ámbito privado, o las implicaciones institucionales de la aplicación del principio de constitucionalidad al determinar el rol de los tribunales en ejercicio del control constitucional.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In this article, the very essence of proportionality is assessed in light of a substantive theory of justice and rights. Despite the existence of the principle of proportionality, a theory that is "external" to the mechanics of proportionality is deemed necessary. One that facilitates the work of judges when assessing the normative issues when they adjudicate using the principle of proportionality. The steps and probabilities of proportionality are not enough in order to draw qualitative distinctions among rights or balance the abstract weight of the right's limitation vis-à-vis the achievement of legitimate ends or the guarantee of other rights. Therefore, this article underscores the need of background substantive theories that underpin the application of the principle. Such theories should address, among other issues, the scope and enforcement of rights in the different spheres of social life, the horizontal effect of constitutional rights in the private domain, or the institutional consequences of the principle concerning the role of courts when exercising constitutional review.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Proporcionalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ponderación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[derechos fundamentales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[teoría sustantiva de los derechos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Proportionality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[balancing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[fundamental rights]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[horizontal effect]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ACKERMAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BRUCE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[We the People: The Civil Rights Revolution]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALEINIKOFF]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ALEXANDER]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Constitutional Law in the Age of Balancing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[96 Yale Law Journal]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>943</volume>
<page-range>48-963</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALEXY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ROBERT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Theory of Constitutional Rights]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford; New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALEXY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ROBERT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Formal Principles: Some Replies to Critics.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[12 International Journal of Constitutional Law]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<numero>511</numero>
<issue>511</issue>
<page-range>513</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos]]></source>
<year>1948</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BARAK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AHARON]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Proportionality. Constitutional Rights and their Limitations]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BEATTY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DAVID]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Ultimate Rule of Law]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CALABRESI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GUIDO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BOBBIT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PHILIP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Tragic Choices]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[W.W. Norton]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Canadian Constitution Act]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Carta de Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COHEN-ELIYA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MOSHE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PORAT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IDDO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[American Balancing and German Proportionality: The Historical Origins]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[8 International Journal of Constitutional Law]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<numero>263</numero>
<issue>263</issue>
<page-range>271-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COHEN-ELIYA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MOSHE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PORAT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IDDO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Proportionality and the Culture of Justification]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[59 American Journal of Comparative Law]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<numero>463</numero>
<issue>463</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Constitución de Rumania de 1991]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Constitución de Turquía de 1982]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Constitución española de 1978]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Constitución Federal de Suiza de 1999]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DIXON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ROSALIND]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LANDAU]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DAVID]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Transnational Constitutionalism and a Limited Doctrine of Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[13 International Journal of Constitutional Law]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<numero>606</numero>
<issue>606</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DWORKIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RONALD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Do Liberal Values Conflict?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MARK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LILLA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RONALD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DWORKIN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ROBERT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. SILVERS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Legacy of Isaiah Berlin]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[New York Review Books]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FERRERES COMELLA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VÍCTOR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Constitutional Courts and Democratic Values]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[A European Perspective]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Haven; London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Yale University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GARDBAUM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[STEPHEN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Democratic Defense of Constitutional Balancing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[4 Law and Ethics Human Rights]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<numero>78</numero>
<issue>78</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GARDBAUM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[STEPHEN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Myth and the Reality of American Constitutional Exceptionalism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[107 Michigan Law Review]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<numero>391</numero>
<issue>391</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GEWIRT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ALAN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Are There Any Absolute Rights?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Philadelphia Quarterly]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GRIMM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DIETER]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Proportionality in Canadian and German Constitutional Jurisprudence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[57 University of Toronto Law Journal]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<numero>383</numero>
<issue>383</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HUSCROFT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GRANT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Proportionality and the Relevance of Interpretation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GRANT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HUSCROFT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BRADLEY]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. MILLER]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GRÉGOIRE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WEBBER]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Proportionality and the rule of law: rights, justification, reasoning]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, NY ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JACKSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VICKI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Constitutional Law in the Age of Proportionality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[124 Yale Law Journal]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<numero>3094</numero>
<issue>3094</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KLATT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MATTHIAS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MEISTER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MORITZ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Constitutional Structure of Proportionality]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KUMM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MATTIAS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Constitutional Rights as Principles: On the Structure and Domain of Constitutional Justice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[2 International Journal of Constitutional Law]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<numero>574</numero>
<issue>574</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KUMM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MATTIAS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Idea of Socratic Contestation and the Right to Justification: The Point of Rights-Based Proportionality Review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[4 Law and Ethics Human Rights]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<numero>141</numero>
<issue>141</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MÖLLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KAI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Proportionality and Rights Inflation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proportionality and the rule of law: rights, justification, reasoning]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, NY ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MÖLLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KAI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Global Model of Constitutional Rights]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PILDERS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RICHARD H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Avoiding balancing: the role of exclusionary reasons in constitutional law]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[45 Hastings Law Journal]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<numero>711</numero>
<issue>711</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SAJÓ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ANDRÁS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[UITZ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RANÁTA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Constitution in Private Relations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eleven International Publishing]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SCHAUER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FREDERICK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Comment on the Structure of Rights]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[27 Georgia Law Review]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<numero>415</numero>
<issue>415</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SCHAUER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FREDERICK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Proportionality and the Question of Weight]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proportionality and the rule of law: rights, justification]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, NY ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STONE SWEET]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ALEC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MATHEWS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JUD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Proportionality Balancing and Global Constitutionalism]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[47 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<numero>72</numero>
<issue>72</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SUNSTEIN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CASS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[One Case at a Time: Judicial Minimalism on the Supreme Court]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Tribunal Constitucional de España</collab>
<source><![CDATA[STC 22/1984, de 17 de febrero]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Caso Goodwin vs. Reino Unido]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Caso Gough vs. Reino Unido]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Caso Pretty vs. Reino Unido]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Caso S.A.S vs. Francia]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WALZER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MICHAEL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Spheres of justice: a defense of pluralism and equality]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Basil Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
