<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0122-9893</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Derecho del Estado]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Derecho Estado]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0122-9893</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Externado de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0122-98932025000300189</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18601/01229893.n63.09</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Constitutional amendments in Panama Reformas constitucionales en Panamá]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VELA ÁVALOS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MARCOS ANTONIO]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Salamanca  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>63</numero>
<fpage>189</fpage>
<lpage>213</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0122-98932025000300189&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0122-98932025000300189&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0122-98932025000300189&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This paper addresses the matter of constitutional amendments in Panama. First, it offers a general summary of the Panamanian constitutional design and explains the constitutional amendments in particular , which includes a brief description of the way the Constitution of Panama of 1972 regulates this type of formal constitutional change. Then, it explains the specific issue of constitutional amendments in greater detail, exposing the formal limits that rules them and the way the Panamanian Constitution deals with substantial limits or unamendable contents. Finally, it addresses the judicial review of the constitutional amendments in that country from a descriptive and critical perspective.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Este artículo aborda la situación actual sobre las reformas constitucionales en Panamá. Primero, se explica un resumen del diseño constitucional panameño en general y de las reformas constitucionales en particular, lo que incluye una breve exposición de la manera en que la Constitución de Panamá de 1972 regula esta clase de cambio constitucional formal. Luego, se aborda con mayor detalle el asunto específico de las reformas constitucionales, exponiendo los límites formales que las rigen y la forma en que la Constitución panameña regula sus límites sustanciales o contenidos irreformables. Por último, se alude al control judicial de tales reformas en dicho país desde una perspectiva descriptiva y crítica.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Constitutional amendments]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[constitutional replacement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[judicial review of constitutional amendments]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Panamanian constitutionalism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Reformas constitucionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reemplazo constitucional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[control judicial de las reformas constitucionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[constitucionalismo panameño]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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