<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0123-3432</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Íkala]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0123-3432</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escuela de Idiomas, Universidad de Antioquia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0123-34322022000100126</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17533/udea.ikala.v27n1a07</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Neutralization of the Tap/Trill Contrast in the Bilingual Creole-Spanish Community of the Archipelago of San Andres, Colombia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Neutralización del contraste fonémico en la comunidad bilingüe hablante de creol y español en el archipiélago de San Andrés, Colombia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Neutralisation du contraste phonémique parmi la communauté bilingue créole-espagnole de l&#8217;archipel de San Andrés, Colombie]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Neutralização do contraste fonêmico na comunidade bilíngue crioulaespanhola do Arquipélago de San Andrés, Colômbia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Restrepo-Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Falcon D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Minnesota State University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mankato ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>126</fpage>
<lpage>152</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0123-34322022000100126&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0123-34322022000100126&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0123-34322022000100126&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This study examines the segmental duration of non-vibrant rhotics in a language contact scenario in the Western Caribbean, where an English-based Creole coexists with Spanish: The Archipelago of San Andres, Colombia. The unexplored phenomenon of the neutralization of the tap/trill contrast merits a thorough analysis to examine the effects of language contact in this Creole-Spanish bilingual population. To do this, the segmental duration of 619 non-vibrant, intervocalic taps and trills were compared in three generations of Raizal Spanish (the bilingual Spanish variety) and contrasted with the duration of Continental Spanish (the monolingual variety spoken by Colombian immigrants from Continental Colombia). While there are language-specific differences in rhotic duration between Creole and Spanish, results show that Raizal Spanish has longer durations that differ from the monolingual Spanish variety. A cross-generational examination revealed that the neutralizations of the tap/trill contrast in older bilinguals, as third-generation speakers, are converging toward the monolingual variety, distancing themselves from the older second and first generations. This phenomenon signals a change in progress resulting from diverging variation patterns of duration in tap/trill segments in generations of bilingual Raizales. These findings suggest a changing sociolinguistic panorama in which stable bilingualism is taking place among younger individuals.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este estudio examina la duración segmental de las róticas no vibrantes en una situación de contacto originada en el caribe occidental donde un creol de base inglesa coexiste con el español: el Archipiélago de San Andrés, Colombia. Este fenómeno no explorado de la neutralización del contraste de las róticas no vibrantes simples y múltiples amerita un análisis exhaustivo para examinar los efectos del contacto lingüístico en esta población bilingüe creol-español. Se comparó la duración segmental de 691 róticas no vibrantes (simples y múltiples) en posición intervocálica a través de tres generaciones de hablantes del español raizal (la variedad del español bilingüe) y se contrastó con la duración producida por hablantes del español continental (la variedad monolingue hablada por los immigrantes colombianos de la Colombia continental). Aunque existen diferencias específicas entre el creol y el español, los resultados de los datos bilingües muestran que el español raizal tiene duraciones más extensas que difieren de la variedad de español monolingüe. Al examinar las diferencias intergeneracionales se encontró que los hablantes de primera y segunda generación neutralizan el contraste de las variantes simples y múltiples, mientras que los hablantes más jóvenes convergen hacia la variedad monolingüe, distanciándose, a la vez, de sus contrapartes mayores. Este fenómeno indica un cambio lingüístico resultado de patrones divergentes de variación en la duración segmental entre generaciones de raizales bilingües. Estos resultados sugieren que existe un panorama sociolingüístico cambiante en donde un bilingüismo estable está tomando lugar en la población más joven del archipiélago.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé Cette étude examine la durée segmentale des rhotiques non vibrants dans une situation de contact dans la Caraïbe occidentale où un créole à base anglaise coexiste avec espagnol : l&#8217;Archipel de San Andrés, Colombie. Le phénomène inexploré de la neutralisation du contraste tap/trill mérite une analyse approfondie pour examiner les effets du contact linguistique dans cette population bilingue créole-espagnol. La durée segmentale de 691 rhotiques non vibrants (simples et multiples) en position intervocalique a été comparée sur trois générations de hispanophones Raizales (l&#8217;espagnol bilingue parlé par les immigrants colombians de la Colombie continentale) et contrastée avec la durée produite par les hispanophones continentaux. Bien qu&#8217;il y ait des différences spécifiques entre le créole et l&#8217;espagnol, les résultats des données bilingues montrent que l&#8217;espagnol raizal a des durées plus longues qui diffèrent de la variété monolingue de l&#8217;espagnol. Un examen intergénérationnel a révélé la neutralisation du contraste de variantes simples et multiples chez les bilingues plus âgés, alors que les jeunes hispanophones convergent vers la variété monolingue, se distanciant de la génération plus âgée. Ce phénomène indique un changement linguistique résultant de modèles divergents de variation de la duration segmentale entre des générations des bilingues raizales. Ces résultats suggèrent un panorama sociolinguistique changeant, dans lequel un bilinguisme stable a lieu parmi les individus plus jeunes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Este estúdio examina a duração segmentar das róticas não vibrantes em uma situação de contato originada no Caribe ocidental onde um crioulo de base inglesa coexiste com o espanhol: el Arquipélago de Santo André, Colômbia. O fenômeno inexplorado da neutralização do contraste de róticos não vibratórios simples e múltiplos merece uma análise minuciosa para examinar os efeitos do contato linguístico nessa população bilíngue crioulo-espanhol. A duração segmentar de 691 ritmos não vibratórios (simples e múltiplos) em posição intervocálica foi comparada ao longo de três gerações de falantes de espanhol raizal (a variedade do espanhol bilíngue) e contrastada com a duração produzida por falantes de espanhol continental (a variedade monolíngue falada pelos migrantes colombianos da Colômbia continental). Embora existam diferenças específicas entre o crioulo e o espanhol, os resultados dos dados bilíngues mostram que o espanhol raizal tem durações mais longas que diferem da variedade monolíngue do espanhol. Ao examinar as diferenças intergeracionais, verificou-se que falantes de primeira e segunda geração neutralizam o contraste de variantes simples e múltiplas, enquanto falantes mais jovens convergem para a variedade monolíngue, distanciando-se, ao mesmo tempo, de seus homólogos mais velhos. Este fenômeno indica uma mudança linguística como resultado de padrões divergentes de variação na duração segmentar entre gerações de raizais bilíngues. Esses resultados sugerem que há uma mudança no cenário sociolinguístico onde o bilinguismo estável está ocorrendo na população mais jovem do arquipélago.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Archipelago of San Andres]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[non-vibrant rhotics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Raizal Spanish]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Creole]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[segmental duration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[language contact]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neutralization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tap/trill contrast]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Archipiélago de San Andrés]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[róticas no vibrantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[español raizal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[creol sanandresano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[duración segmental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[contacto lingüístico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[neutralización]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[contraste fonémico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Archipel de San Andrés]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[rhotiques non vibrants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[espagnol raizal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[créole]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[durée segmentale]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[contact linguistique]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[neutralisation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[contraste phonémique]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Arquipélago de Santo André]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[róticos não vibratórios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[espanhol raizal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[crioulo de Santo André]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[duração do segmento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[contato linguístico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[neutralização]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[contraste fonêmico]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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