<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0123-4226</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[rev.udcaactual.divulg.cient.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0123-4226</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0123-42262025000200011</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31910/rudca.v28.n2.2025.2699</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Variabilidad espacial de parámetros químicos a partir de modelos de predicción en suelos agroproductivos de cacao en Antioquia, Colombia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Spatial variability of chemical parameters based on predictive models in cocoa-producing soils in Antioquia, Colombia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mira-Giraldo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerón-Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medina-Sierra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marisol]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galeano-Vasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Grupo de Investigación GAMMA: Agrociencias, Biodiversidad y Territorio]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín Antioquia]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Grupo de Investigación GAMMA: Agrociencias, Biodiversidad y Territorio]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín Antioquia]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Grupo de Investigación GAMMA: Agrociencias, Biodiversidad y Territorio]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín Antioquia]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Grupo de Investigación GAMMA: Agrociencias, Biodiversidad y Territorio]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín Antioquia]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0123-42262025000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0123-42262025000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0123-42262025000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La evaluación de los parámetros químicos del suelo constituye un elemento fundamental en la planificación sostenible del cultivo de cacao. Desconocer las propiedades del suelo conlleva al uso inadecuado de enmiendas y fertilizantes, lo que incrementa los costos de producción y genera un impacto negativo en el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la variabilidad espacial de la capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), el nitrógeno total (NT) y la materia orgánica del suelo (MOS) en suelos destinados a la producción de cacao en Antioquia, Colombia, mediante modelos de predicción. Se analizaron 439 muestras de suelo recolectadas en ocho subregiones productoras de cacao, mediante química húmeda. Los datos fueron ajustados mediante modelos aditivos generalizados (GAM) con distribución de Poisson, considerando como covariables la longitud, la latitud, la altitud, el pH, la textura y el contenido de arena y arcilla. A partir de los valores predichos se generaron mapas de distribución espacial para cada parámetro. Se evidenció que la mayoría de los suelos presentaron valores de CIC inferiores a 5 cmol.kg&#8315;¹, contenidos de MOS alrededor de 2,5 % y niveles de NT cercanos a 0,30 %. Las subregiones con mayor producción de cacao registraron los valores más bajos. Se concluye que los suelos cacaoteros de Antioquia presentan deficiencias en su composición química, especialmente, en las zonas de mayor producción, lo que resalta la necesidad de implementar planes de fertilización y enmiendas, que mejoren la calidad edáfica y la sostenibilidad productiva de los sistemas de cacao.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The evaluation of soil chemical parameters is a fundamental element in the sustainable planning of cocoa cultivation. Lack of knowledge about soil properties leads to the inappropriate use of amendments and fertilizers, which increases production costs and generates negative environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to describe the spatial variability of cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), and organic matter (OM) in soils intended for cocoa production in Antioquia, Colombia, based on predictive models. A total of 439 soil samples were collected from eight cocoa-producing subregions and analyzed using wet chemistry. Data were fitted using generalized additive models (GAM) with Poisson distribution, considering longitude, latitude, altitude, pH, texture, and sand and clay content as covariates. Spatial distribution maps were generated for each parameter using the predicted values. Results showed that most soils had CEC values below 5 cmol.kg&#8315;¹, OM contents around 2.5%, and TN levels near 0.30%. The subregions with the highest cocoa production recorded the lowest values for the evaluated variables. It is concluded that cocoa-growing soils in Antioquia exhibit chemical deficiencies, especially in areas with greater production, highlighting the need to implement fertilization and amendment programs to improve soil quality and ensure the productive sustainability of cocoa systems.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Agricultura 4.0]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Análisis de suelo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Nutrición vegetal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sistemas de información geográfica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Theobroma cacao]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Agriculture 4.0]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Geographic information systems]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Plant nutrition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Soil analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Theobroma cacao]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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