0123-5923
0123-5923
S0123-59232020000400377
10.18046/j.estger.2020.157.3767
Panamá
Spain
Spain
00
12
2020
00
12
2020
36
157
377
390
[
2015
39
10- 11
10- 11
2882-96
]
[
2011
23
4
4
353-67
]
[
2000
]
[
2011
]
[
1979
]
[
2009
47
5
5
569-77
]
[
2009
45
1
1
222-37
]
[
2015
]
[
2002
11
2
2
130-41
]
[
2010
37
6
6
563-83
]
[
1981
18
39-50
]
[
1993
17
1
1
58-63
]
[
2010
39
3
3
493-506
]
[
2017
44
1
1
]
[
2018
33
5
5
1184-95
]
[
2005
19
6
6
421-35
]
[
2008
5
]
[
2017
31
1
1
25-36
]
[
2006
22
3-4
3-4
245-66
]
[
2009
20
1
1
277-319
]
[
2008
16
15
15
1688-98
]
[
2011
34
7
7
754-72
]
[
2005
14
4
4
482-92
]
[
2015
105
275-84
]
[
2016
43
3
3
280-94
]
[
2009
12
2
2
119-32
]
[
2015
54
295-301
]
[
2016
]
[
2017
16
2
2
219-31
]
[
2010
30
2
2
160-70
]
[
2007
25
5
5
998-1014
]
[
2006
8
1
1
19-39
]
[
1995
]
[
1994
3
]
[
1980
17
4
4
460-9
]
[
2003
30
2
2
123-40
]
[
1985
49
4
4
41-50
]
[
2012
205-26
]
[
2016
14
133-42
]
[
2015
]
[
2000
11
2
2
73-82
]
[
2010
17
6
6
337-54
]
[
2014
19
3
3
232-41
]
[
2016
8
2
2
175-93
]
[
2011
53
176
176
93-126
]
[
2008
17
1
1
127-50
]
[
2015
22
6
6
381-92
]
[
2017
28
2
2
555-70
]
[
2007
58
5
5
464-73
]
[
2017
153
146-63
]
[
2002
16
4
4
363-79
]
[
2002
65
3
3
251-68
]
[
2008
20
4
4
493-518
]
[
UNCTAD
2016
]
[
UNCTAD
2018
]
[
2016
148
397-409
]
[
1997
25
2
2
139-53
]
[
2015
a
7
2/3
2/3
170-83
]
[
2015
b
28
7- 8
7- 8
730-45
]
[
2016
55
1
1
31-50
]
[
2017
44
1
1
131-46
]
[
2017
108
18-35
]