<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0123-5923</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Estudios Gerenciales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[estud.gerenc.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0123-5923</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Icesi]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0123-59232021000400579</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18046/j.estger.2021.161.4335</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Determinantes de la propensión a comportamientos corruptos: un análisis experimental con mecanismo de castigo]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Determinants of the propensity for corrupt behavior: An experimental analysis with punishment mechanism]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Determinantes da propensão ao comportamento corrupto: uma análise experimental com um mecanismo de punição]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arroyo-Mina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castaño-Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Milton Fabián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jurado-Barco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hollman]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Valle Facultad de Administración ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cali ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Institución Universitaria Antonio José Camacho Departamento de Ciencias Básicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cali ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Cauca Departamento de Economía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Popayán ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fábrica Nacional de Autopartes (FANALCA) S.A.  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cali ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>161</numero>
<fpage>579</fpage>
<lpage>589</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0123-59232021000400579&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0123-59232021000400579&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0123-59232021000400579&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En esta investigación se buscó identificar algunos de los determinantes que explican la propensión de los individuos a comportamientos corruptos, con base en la toma de decisiones que involucran beneficios económicos. Para ello, se aplicó un experimento económico en una muestra de la población de una universidad de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. El diseño experimental responde a los elementos propios de un mecanismo de subasta a sobre cerrado que involucra una oferta de soborno. A partir de análisis descriptivos y un modelo logístico de promedio poblacional para datos de panel no lineales, se evidenció que el nivel educativo y socioeconómico se asocian fuertemente con el comportamiento corrupto. Así mismo, se encuentra que la amenaza de penalización reduce de manera drástica la corrupción a un costo social insignificante. Clasificación JEL: Z18; D73; K42; C91; C23.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This research sought to identify some of the factors explaining the propensity of individuals to engage in corrupt behavior, based on the decision-making that involves economic benefits. To this, an economic experiment was applied to a sample of the population of a university in the city of Cali, Colombia. The experimental design responds to the elements of a sealed-bid action scene involving a bribe. From descriptive analyses and a population-average logistic model for nonlinear panel data, it was evident that educational and socioeconomic levels are strongly associated with corrupt behavior. Likewise, it was found that the threat of penalization drastically reduces corruption to an insignificant social cost.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Esta pesquisa buscou identificar alguns dos determinantes que explicam a propensão dos indivíduos a comportamentos corruptos, a partir de tomadas de decisão que envolvem benefícios econômicos. Para isso, um experimento econômico foi aplicado em uma amostra da população de uma universidade na cidade de Cali, na Colômbia. O projeto experimental responde aos elementos de um mecanismo de leilão de envelope fechado que envolve uma oferta de suborno. A partir de análises descritivas e de um modelo logístico de média populacional para dados não lineares em painel, evidenciou-se que o nível educacional e socioeconômico estão fortemente associados ao comportamento corrupto. Da mesma forma, verifica-se que a ameaça de criminalização reduz drasticamente a corrupção a um custo social insignificante.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[soborno]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[corrupción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[economía experimental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[juegos no cooperativos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[datos panel]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bribery]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[corruption]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[experimental economics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[non-cooperative games]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[panel data]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[suborno]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[corrupção]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[economia experimental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[jogos não cooperativos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[dados em painel]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abbink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Staff rotation as an anti-corruption policy: An experimental study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>887-906</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abbink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dasgupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gangadharan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Letting the briber go free: An experiment on mitigating harassment bribes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Public Economics]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<page-range>17-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abbink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freidin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gangadharan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effect of social norms on bribe offers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Law, Economics, y Organization]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>457-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abbink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hennig-Schmidt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Neutral versus loaded instructions in a bribery experiment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Experimental Economics]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>103-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alatas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cameron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaudhuri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erkal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gangadharan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Subject pool effects in a corruption experiment: A comparison of Indonesian public servants and Indonesian students]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Experimental Economics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>113-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arroyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guerrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decisiones en el manejo de recursos de uso común: aplicaciones experimentales bajo un modelo de aprendizaje a la Cournot]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asociación Argentina de Economía Política]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>1-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arroyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinzón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cendales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Afrocolombianos, discriminación y segregación espacial de la calidad del empleo para Cali]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Economía]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>69</numero>
<issue>69</issue>
<page-range>753-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banerjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duflo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bank financing in India]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tseng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cowen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[India&#8217;s and China&#8217;s recent experience with reform and growth. Procyclicality of Financial Systems in Asia]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>138-57</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banerjee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mullainathan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Corruption. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Working Paper 17968]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banuri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eckel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The effects of sanctions on bribery: US versus Pakistan. CBEES Working Paper Series]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<month>a</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banuri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eckel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Experiments in culture and corruption: A review. Policy Research Working Papers The World Bank]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<month>b</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption and culture: An experimental analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Public Economics]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>11-12</numero>
<issue>11-12</issue>
<page-range>862-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Comparison of bribery and bidding in thin markets]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics Letters]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borghans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heckman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Golsteyn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meijers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender differences in risk aversion and ambiguity aversion]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the European Economic Association]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>2-3</numero>
<issue>2-3</issue>
<page-range>649-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brañas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Economía experimental y del comportamiento]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Antoni Bosch]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Büchner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freytag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Güth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bribery and public procurement: An experimental study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Choice]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>137</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>103-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cameron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaudhuri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erkal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gangadharan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Propensities to engage in and punish corrupt behavior: Experimental evidence from Australia, India, Indonesia and Singapore]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Public Economics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>7-8</numero>
<issue>7-8</issue>
<page-range>843-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Croson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gneezy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender differences in preferences]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Literature]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>448-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dininio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orttung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Explaining patterns of corruption in the Russian regions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Politics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>500-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fischbacher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for ready-made economic experiments]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Experimental Economics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>171-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fisman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miguel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption, norms and legal enforcement: Evidence from diplomatic parking tickets]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>115</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1020-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frank]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schulze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does economics make citizens corrupt?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Behavior &amp; Organization]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>101-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glaeser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption in America]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Public Economics]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<numero>6-7</numero>
<issue>6-7</issue>
<page-range>1053-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Husted]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Wealth, culture, and corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Business Studies]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>339-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaber-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perakakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Georgantzis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Physiological and behavioral patterns of corruption]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>434</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption: A review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Surveys]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>71-121</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The definitions debate: Old conflicts in new guises]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Political Economy of Corruption]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<page-range>11-32</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[La Porta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopez-De-Silane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shleifer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vishny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trust in large organizations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>333-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambsdorff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Causes and consequences of corruption: What do we know from a cross-section of countries]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elgar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[International Handbook on the Economics of Corruption]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<page-range>3-51</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cheltenham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Edward Elgar Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambsdorff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frank]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bribing versus gift-giving: An experiment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Psychology]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>347-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambsdorff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frank]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corrupt reciprocity: Experimental evidence on a men&#8217;s game]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Review of Law and Economics]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>116-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipset]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lenz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corruption, culture, and markets]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harrisson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huntington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Culture Matters: How values shape human progress]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<page-range>112-25</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Basic Book]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Monitoring corruption: Evidence from a field experiment in Indonesia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>115</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>200-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An experiment on corruption and gender]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin of Economic Research]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>10-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schulze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frank]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Deterrence versus intrinsic motivation: Experimental evidence on the determinants of corruptibility]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics of Governance]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>i</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>143-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Empirical determinants of corruption: A sensitivity analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Choice]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>225-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Combining top-down and bottom-up accountability: Evidence from a bribery experiment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Law, Economics, &amp; Organization]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>569-87</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szmaragd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clarke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Subject specific and population average models for binary longitudinal data: A tutorial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Longitudinal and Life Course Studies]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>147-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treisman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Causes of corruption: A cross-national study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Public Economics]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>399-457</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uslaner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trust and Corruption]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambsdorff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taube]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schramm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The New Institutional Economics of Corruption]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>90-106</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
