<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0123-885X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Estudios Sociales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[rev.estud.soc.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0123-885X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0123-885X2025000200093</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7440/res92.2025.06</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Violencia normalizada: género y acoso sexual callejero en Panamá]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Normalized Violence: Gender and Street Sexual Harassment in Panama]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Violência normalizada: gênero e assédio sexual nas ruas do Panamá]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araúz-Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nelva Marissa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanziola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Santa María La Antigua  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Panamá</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Quality Leadership University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Panamá</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>01</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>92</numero>
<fpage>93</fpage>
<lpage>111</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0123-885X2025000200093&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0123-885X2025000200093&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0123-885X2025000200093&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este artículo explora cómo las normas de género y la masculinidad hegemónica contribuyen a la normalización del acoso sexual callejero en Panamá. Se analiza su impacto en el modo en que las mujeres enfrentan y transitan por estas experiencias. La metodología incluyó un análisis de la literatura, una encuesta en el área metropolitana de la Ciudad de Panamá y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados confirman que el acoso sexual callejero es una práctica común y normalizada, con un 75,4 % de mujeres que reportan haberlo experimentado, en comparación con un 39,1 % de hombres. La investigación destaca que las normas de dominación, el control y la violencia que ejercen los hombres sobre las mujeres y personas feminizadas se manifiestan en este acoso y son clave en su perpetuación. Los hombres, al internalizarlas, se sienten autorizados a ejercer poder sobre las mujeres en el espacio público, pues las ven como objetos a controlar. Por otro lado, las entrevistas muestran que las víctimas no denuncian estos incidentes debido a la percepción de irrelevancia y la desconfianza en las autoridades. Las conclusiones del estudio enfatizan la necesidad de un cambio de las estructuras que prolongan estas dinámicas de poder, a través de políticas públicas y programas educativos que promuevan la igualdad de género, junto con mejoras en la infraestructura para garantizar la seguridad en los espacios públicos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This article explores how gender norms and hegemonic masculinity contribute to the normalization of street sexual harassment in Panama, shaping the ways women experience and navigate these encounters. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, including a literature review, a survey conducted in the metropolitan area of Panama City, and semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal that street sexual harassment is a pervasive and socially accepted practice, with 75,4% of women reporting having experienced it, compared to 39,1% of men. The research underscores how entrenched norms of male dominance, control, and violence against women and feminized individuals manifest in this form of harassment, reinforcing its persistence. Men, having internalized these norms, often feel entitled to exert power over women in public spaces, perceiving them as objects of control. Furthermore, interviews indicate that victims rarely report these incidents, citing perceptions of triviality and distrust in authorities as key deterrents. The study highlights the urgent need for structural change to dismantle the power dynamics that sustain this issue. It calls for comprehensive public policies and educational programs that foster gender equality, alongside infrastructure improvements to enhance safety in public spaces.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo: Este artigo explora como as normas de gênero e a masculinidade hegemônica contribuem para a normalização do assédio sexual nas ruas do Panamá. Analisa-se o seu impacto na forma como as mulheres enfrentam e passam por essas experiências. A metodologia incluiu uma análise da literatura, uma pesquisa na área metropolitana da Cidade do Panamá e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados confirmam que o assédio sexual nas ruas é uma prática comum e normalizada, sendo que 75,4% das mulheres relataram ter sofrido esse tipo de assédio, em comparação com 39,1% dos homens. A pesquisa destaca que as normas de dominação, controle e violência que os homens exercem sobre as mulheres e as pessoas feminizadas se manifestam nesse assédio e são fundamentais em sua perpetuação. Os homens, ao internalizá-las, sentem-se autorizados a exercer poder sobre as mulheres no espaço público, pois as veem como objetos a serem controlados. Por outro lado, as entrevistas mostram que as vítimas não denunciam esses incidentes devido à percepção de irrelevância e desconfiança nas autoridades. As conclusões do estudo enfatizam a necessidade de uma mudança nas estruturas que prolongam essas dinâmicas de poder, por meio de políticas públicas e programas educativos que promovam a igualdade de gênero, juntamente com melhorias na infraestrutura para garantir a segurança nos espaços públicos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acoso sexual callejero]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[masculinidad hegemónica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[normas de género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia de género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gender-based violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gender norms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hegemonic masculinity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[street sexual harassment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[assédio sexual na rua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[masculinidade hegemônica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[normas de gênero]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[violência de gênero]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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