<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0123-9155</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Colombiana de Psicología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Act.Colom.Psicol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0123-9155</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Catolica de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0123-91552024000200013</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14718/acp.2024.27.2.11</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[What is Polarization in the Social Sciences? A Scoping Review of Reviews]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[¿Qué es la polarización en las ciencias sociales? Una revisión de revisiones]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garzón-Velandia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana Camila]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barreto-Galeano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Idaly]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sabucedo-Cameselle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Católica de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Católica de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Santiago de Compostela  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santiago de Compostela ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0123-91552024000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0123-91552024000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0123-91552024000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The word polarization has gained notoriety both in journalistic headlines and academic publications to explain the social and political conflicts of recent years. Despite its relevance, this concept is used indiscriminately, so its meaning is not always clear. Consequently, this research aims to provide an overview of polarization in the social sciences, in terms of characteristics of polarization, theories, and associated variables that support its academic use. A review of reviews was carried out using the PRISMA methodology. 56 publications from different disciplines and databases were analyzed. The methodological quality of the publications was evaluated using the AMSTAR2 and SANRA instruments. The publications were analyzed by statistical analysis of textual data. Based on these analyses, definitions of three classes and 19 subclasses of polarization were defined. The quality of the reviews was determined, and the variables and theories associated with the phenomenon were specified. Most of the reviews are narratives, which show little methodological systematicity. Similarly, most of the reviews relate to political polarization, and only five variables were found to be inversely related to polarization, which shows how little depolarization has been studied.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La palabra polarización ha ganado notoriedad tanto en los titulares periodísticos como en las publicaciones académicas, para explicar los conflictos sociales y políticos de los últimos años. A pesar de su relevancia, este concepto se usa de manera indiscriminada, por lo que su significado no siempre resulta claro. En consecuencia, esta investigación busca brindar un panorama general de la polarización en las ciencias sociales, con base en las teorías y variables que soportan su uso académico. A partir de la metodología PRISMA, se realizó una revisión de revisiones en la que se analizaron 56 publicaciones de diferentes disciplinas y bases de datos. Las publicaciones fueron evaluadas en su calidad metodológica a partir de los instrumentos AMSTAR2 y SANRA, analizadas mediante un Análisis Estadístico de Datos Textuales. Con base en dichos análisis, se delimitaron definiciones de tres clases y 19 subclases de polarización, se determinó la calidad de las revisiones y se precisaron las variables y teorías asociadas al fenómeno. La mayoría de las revisiones son narrativas, lo cual evidencia poca sistematicidad metodológica. De igual manera, la mayoría de las revisiones pertenecen a la polarización política y solo se encontraron cinco variables en relación inversa a la polarización, lo que evidencia lo poco que se ha estudiado la despolarización.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[group polarization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political polarization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social polarization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PRISMA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[polarización grupal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[polarización política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[polarización social]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PRISMA]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rexford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electoral systems and issue polarization]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pekkanen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shugart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>247-61</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amiel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cowell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Poles apart? An analysis of the meaning of polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Income and Wealth]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<page-range>23-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Axelrod]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The dissemination of culture: A model with local convergence and global polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Conflict Resolution]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>203-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baethge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldbeck-Wood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mertens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Research Integrity and Peer Review]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banisch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olbrich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Opinion polarization by learning from social feedback]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Mathematical Sociology]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>76-103</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barnir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Can group-and issue-related factors predict choice shift? A Meta-Analysis of Group Decisions on Life Dilemmas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Small Group Research]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>308-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barreto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Análisis estadístico de datos textuales]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Páramo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La investigación en ciencias sociales: la historia del método y su filosofía]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>449-67</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Lemoine Editores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benedek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moldovan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic convergence and polarization: Towards a multi-dimensional approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hungarian Geographical Bulletin]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>187-203</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bettenhausen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Five Years of Groups Research: What We Have Learned and What Needs to Be Addressed]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Management]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>345-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bliuc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bouguettaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Felise]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Online Intergroup Polarization Across Political Fault Lines: An Integrative Review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers in Psychology]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>1-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boccia Artieri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Bilbao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[La Rocca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rethinking affective polarization and sharing of emotions in digital platform ecosystems. Theories and research practices]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Review of Sociology]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>223-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bordonaba-Plou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Polarización como impermeabilidad: cuando las razones ajenas no importan]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cinta de Moebio]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<page-range>295-309</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bramson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fisher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flocken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Understanding Polarization: Meanings, Measures, and Model Evaluation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Philosophy of Science]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>84</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>115-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bramson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fisher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flocken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Disambiguation of social polarization concepts and measures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Mathematical Sociology]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>80-111</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dalton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Generational change in elite political beliefs: The growth of ideological polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>976-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deutsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silbe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Income polarization: measurement, determinants, and implications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Income and Wealth]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why do Groups Make Riskier Decisions Than Individuals?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Advances in Experimental Social Psychology]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>305-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DiMaggio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bryson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Have Americans' social attitudes become more polarized?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Sociology]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>690-755</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esteban]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Polarization and conflict: Theoretical and empirical issues]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Peace Research]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>131-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Congressional polarization: terminal constitutional dysfunction?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Law Review]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>115</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1689-738</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Boven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[False polarization: Cognitive mechanisms and potential solutions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Opinion in Psychology]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fiorina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abrams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political polarization in the American public]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>563-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gigliarano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Income and social polarization: empirical findings]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D'Ambrosio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Conchita]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of research on economic and social well-being]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>460-79</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Edward Elgar]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grünhage]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reuter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tell Me Who You Vote for, and I'll Tell You Who You Are? The Associations of Political Orientation with Personality and Prosocial Behavior and the Plausibility of Evolutionary Approaches]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers in Psychology]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>1-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Moving Away From Partisanship: Diversifying the Motives Behind Political Polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Political Studies Review]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>656-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hetherington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Review article: Putting polarization in perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[British Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>413-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iandoli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Primario]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zollo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of group polarization on the quality of online debate in social media: A systematic literature review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Technological Forecasting and Social Change]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>170</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Group Polarization: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Personally and Social Psychology]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1141-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iyengar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lelkes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levendusky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malhotra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Westwood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>129-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roelofsma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. H. M. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The potential for social contextual and group biases in team decision-making: Biases, conditions and psychological mechanisms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ergonomics]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1129-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jost]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baldassarri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Druckman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cognitive-motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Reviews Psychology]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<page-range>560-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jungkunz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political Polarization During the COVID-19 Pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers in Political Science]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>622512</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kubin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[von Sikorski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of (social) media in political polarization: a systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of the International Communication Association]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>188-206</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lamm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A review of our research on group polarization: Eleven experiments on the effects of group discussion on risk acceptance, probability estimation, and negotiation positions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychological Reports]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>807-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lamm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Group-Induced Polarization of Attitudes and Behavior]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berkowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Advances in Experimental Social Psychology]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>145-95</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Academic Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Layman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carsey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horowitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Party polarization in American politics: Characteristics, causes, and consequences]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>83-110</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lebart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bécue Bertaut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis estadístico de texto]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Milenio]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ow party polarization affects governance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>261-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maggino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fattore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Polarización social]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Wiley StatsRef: Referencia de estadísticas en línea]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>1-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martemyanova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Effects of Group Discussion and Exposure to Evidence on Political Attitude Polarization: A Meta-Analysis]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Florida]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCoy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Somer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Patterns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Behavioral Scientist]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>16-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moore-Berg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hameiri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruneau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The prime psychological suspects of toxic political polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>199-204</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lamm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Group Polarization Phenomenon]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychological Bulletin]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>602-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nevryuev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gagarina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA["After the Discussion, I am Even More Confident in My Point of View": An Overview of Studies of Group Polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Business and Economics Studies]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>6-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orian Harel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Halperin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A conflict within a conflict: intragroup ideological polarization and intergroup intractable conflict]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>52-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Page]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKenzie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bossuyt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boutron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoffmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mulrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shamseer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tetzlaff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brennan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glanville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grimshaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hróbjartsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lalu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayo-Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDonald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Systematic Reviews]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Zafrilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Polarización artificial: cómo los discursos expresivos inflaman la percepción de polarización política en internet. RECERCA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Pensament i Anàlisi]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prior]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Media and political polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>101-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pruitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conclusions: toward an understanding of choice shifts in group discussion]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Personality and Social Psychology]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>495-510</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quirk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Polarized populism: Masses, elites, and partisan conflict]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Forum]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Populism and Polarization in Comparative Perspective: Constitutive, Spatial and Institutional Dimensions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Government and Opposition]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>680-702</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schaffner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards III]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schickler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Party Polarization]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
<page-range>527-49</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrano-Puche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Digital disinformation and emotions: exploring the social risks of affective polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Review of Sociology]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>231-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reeves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wells]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thuku]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tugwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Welch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kristjansson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[AMSTAR 2: A critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomized or non-randomized studies of healthcare interventions, or both]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>358</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sobkowicz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Whither Now, Opinion Modelers?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers in Physics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>1-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stewart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCarty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bryson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Polarization under rising inequality and economic decline]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science Advances]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>50</numero>
<issue>50</issue>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sunstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Law of Group Polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Political Philosophy]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>175-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Talisse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Problems of polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Overdoing Democracy: Why We Must Put Politics in its Place]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>209-25</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thornal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Partisan media and polarized politics: A meta-analysis of the relationship between partisan selective exposure and political polarization]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gonzaga University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oakes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The significance of the social identity concept for social psychology with reference to individualism, interactionism and social influence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[British Journal of Social Psychology]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>237-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Baar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FeldmanHall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The polarized mind in context: Interdisciplinary approaches to the psychology of political polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Psychologist]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>394-408</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Bavel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rathje]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robertson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sternisko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How social media shapes polarization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trends in Cognitive Sciences]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>913-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vinokur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Review and theoretical analysis of the effects of group processes upon individual and group decisions involving risk]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychological Bulletin]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>231-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waisbord]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Es válido atribuir la polarización política a la comunicación digital? Sobre burbujas, plataformas y polarización afectiva]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Político]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>249-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hydock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gardner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacob]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mandel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sprott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Steenburg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political Polarization: Challenges, Opportunities, and Hope for Consumer Welfare, Marketers, and Public Policy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Public Policy and Marketing]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>184-205</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wheeler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allidina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Long]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. U.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cunningham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ideology and predictive processing: coordination, bias, and polarization in socially constrained error minimization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>192-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Feinberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Polarization in the contemporary political and media landscape]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>223-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wojcieszak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Polarization, Political]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazzoleni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<edition>1st</edition>
<page-range>1-7</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhuravskaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Petrova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enikolopov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political Effects of the Internet and social media]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annual Review of Economics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>415-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
