<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0123-921X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Tecnura]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Tecnura]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0123-921X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0123-921X2021000100013</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14483/22487638.15897</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Use of the Speed of Sound for Heights Below the Troposphere in Colombia to Determine the Distance of Lightning Strikes]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Velocidad del sonido para alturas menores a la troposfera en Colombia para determinar la distancia de impacto de un rayo]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubiano Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonathan Jair]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón Cardona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[César Alexander]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Horacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>67</numero>
<fpage>13</fpage>
<lpage>25</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0123-921X2021000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0123-921X2021000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0123-921X2021000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Objective: This paper aims to conduct a study of the speed of sound in Colombia for heights below the troposphere, taking into account the temperature as a function of altitude for a tropical zone, in order to determine the distance of lightning strike.  Methodology: A speed of sound profile for Colombia was determined by analyzing data on altitude, temperature, and relative humidity in the country. The temperature equation as a function of altitude presented by NASA and the International Standard Atmosphere was taken into account to compare with the data obtained from meteorological stations located in different parts of the country (this stations measure information of temperature and other physical variables). Additionally, a sound profile map of Colombia was obtained using the interpolation in ArcGIS software.  Results: A map of the speed of sound in Colombia was obtained, thus finding the speed range in the country. Likewise, the temperature was determined as function of the altitude for Colombia (a country in the tropical zone), with which it is possible to have data closer to the real speed of sound in the place and determinate the distance of impact of a lighting in land.  Conclusions: The study of variables such as temperature, relative humidity, and altitude helped determine the speed of sound for Colombia. It was also possible to define a temperature equation as a function of altitude for a tropical country; with the speed of sound, the radius of impact of a lightning can be found.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Objetivo: Realizar un estudio de la velocidad del sonido en Colombia para alturas menores a la troposfera, teniendo en cuenta la temperatura en función de la altitud para una zona tropical, con el fin de ayudar a determinar la distancia de impacto de un rayo.  Metodología: Se determinó un perfil de la velocidad del sonido para Colombia, analizando datos de altitud, temperatura y humedad relativa en el país. Se tuvo en cuenta la ecuación de temperatura en función de la altitud presentada por la NASA y la International Standard Atmosphere, para luego comparar con los datos obtenidos por las estaciones meteorológicas localizadas en diferentes lugares del país; estas estaciones miden temperatura y otras variables físicas. Adicionalmente se obtuvo un mapa de perfil de sonido en Colombia usando interpolación en el software ArcGIS.  Resultados: Se obtuvo un mapa de la velocidad del sonido en Colombia, obteniendo así el rango de velocidad en el país; asimismo se determinó la temperatura como función de la altitud para Colombia (un país ubicado en la zona tropical), con lo cual se puede tener un dato más cercano a la velocidad real del sonido en el lugar y determinar la distancia de impacto de un rayo en tierra.  Conclusiones: El estudio de variables como temperatura, humedad relativa y altitud, ayudaron a determinar la velocidad del sonido para Colombia. También fue posible determinar una ecuación de temperatura en función de la altitud para un país tropical; por lo tanto, con la velocidad del sonido se puede encontrar el radio de impacto de un rayo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[altitude]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geospatial statistics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lightning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[meteorological stations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[point patterns]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[relative humidity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[temperature]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thunder]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tropical country]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[troposphere.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[altitud]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estaciones meteorológicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estadística geoespacial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[humedad relativa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[país tropical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[patrones puntuales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[rayo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[temperatura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tropósfera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trueno.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>ArcGIS</collab>
<source><![CDATA[picos mas altos de colombia]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buhmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Radial basis functions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta numerica]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Del-Rio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Younes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pulgarín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lightning activity over large cities located in mountainous tropical zone and its relationship with particulate matter PM10 distribution. Bogotá City Case]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Facultad de Ingeniería]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<numero>82</numero>
<issue>82</issue>
<page-range>22-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eliakim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[SONAR BASED SLAMC (Simultaneous Localization, Mapping and Classification)]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Determining the Speed of Sound as a Function of Temperature Using Arduino]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Physics Teacher]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>114-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hass]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Chapter One: An Acoustics Primer]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Indiana University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hurtado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[ANÁLISIS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO PROMEDIO Y TENDENCIAS DE LARGO PLAZO DE LA TEMPERATURA MÁXIMA MEDIA PARA LAS REGIONES HIDROCLIMÁTICAS DE COLOMBIA]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IDEAM</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Estudio de la caracterización climática de Bogotá y cuenta alta del río Tunjelo]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Atlas IDEAM]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Clima y temperatura]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[(IDEAM)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Humidity relative]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Temperature]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Mapa Físico - Político]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Mustafa Cavcar</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Eskisehir ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Anadolu University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Earth Atmosphere Model]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[(NASA)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shevick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sound &amp; light, hadns-on science activities ready for student use]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dayton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Teaching &amp; learning company]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stan&#269;ík]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[New endemic taxa of Festuca from the Colombian Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Preslia, The Journal of the Czech Botanical Society]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<page-range>339-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thedoridis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pattern Recognition]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thedoridis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pattern Recognition]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[London ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academic Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>whitworth near space</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ozone and UV Light]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilhelm van-Schaik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High Accuracy Acoustic Relative Humidity Measurement in Duct Flow with Air]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sensors]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<page-range>7434</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
