<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0123-9392</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Infectio]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Infect.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0123-9392</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Colombiana de Infectología.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0123-93922017000100009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22354/in.v21i1.646</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Prevalencia y factores relacionados con la infección por Clostridium difficile en un centro hospitalario de alta complejidad en Cali (Colombia)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Prevalence and factors related to Clostridium difficile infection in a high complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oñate-Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Millán]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villegas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Virginia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Médico Imbanaco  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cali ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,CIDEIM  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cali ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Valle  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Cali ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0123-93922017000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0123-93922017000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0123-93922017000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia y los factores relacionados con la infección por Clostridium difficile en un hospital de alta complejidad en Cali (Colombia).  Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en pacientes que consultaron por diarrea o la desarrollaron durante la hospitalización y que tuvieron un resultado positivo en la prueba de PCR para Clostridium difficile. Durante el 2012 a 2014, se incluyeron 29 casos y 58 controles.  Resultados: La prevalencia de Clostridium difficile hospitalaria en la institución fue de 10 por 10.000 pacientes hospitalizados; en 3 casos se identificó la cepa NAP1-027. Los factores relacionados a Clostridium difficile fueron la diabetes mellitus (OR = 7,4; IC 95%: 1,1-47,6; p = 0,035), la leucemia (OR: 4,1; IC 95%: 1,0-16,5; p =0,043) y el consumo de antibióticos por más de 7 días (OR = 7,0; IC 95%: 2,3-21,1; p = 0,001).  Conclusión: Se confirmó la asociación entre el uso previo de antibióticos y la infección por Clostridium difficile, de acuerdo con lo reportado en la literatura mundial. Este estudio describe por primera vez en nuestro país la cepa hipervirulenta NAP1/O27 en pacientes hospitalizados.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and factors related to infection by Clostridium difficile in a high complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia.  Methods: A case and control study was conducted in patients consulting for diarrhea or diarrhea developed during hospitalisation with a positive CRP test result for Clostridium difficile. During 2012-2014, 29 cases and 58 controls were included.  Results: The prevalence of Clostridium difficile in the hospital was 10 per 10.000 hospitalised patients, in 3 cases the NAP1/O27 strain was identified. Factors associatedwith Clostridium difficile were diabetes mellitus (OR = 7.4, IC95%: 1.1-47.6, P=.035), leukaemia (OR: 4.1, IC95%: 1,0-16.5, P=.043) and consumption of antibiotics for more than 7 days (OR = 7.0, IC95%: 2,3-21.1, P=.001).  Conclusions: This study confirmed the association of Clostridium difficile infection with the use of previous antibiotics, in accordance with that reported in literature. This study describes for the first time in our country the hypervirulent NAP1/O27 in hospitalised patients.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Clostridium difficile]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Factores de riesgo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Diarrea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Genexpert]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Clostridium difficile]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Risk factors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Diarrhea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Genexpert]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maggil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bamberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beldavs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dumyati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>370</volume>
<page-range>1198-208</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clostridium dif&#64257;cile infections]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lef&#64258;er]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lamont]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>372</volume>
<page-range>1539-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Enfermedad asociada a Clostridium dif&#64257;cile: prevalencia y diagnóstico por laboratorio]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Infectio]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>211-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Update on Clostridium dif&#64257;cile infections]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Monnier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zahar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Médecine Mal Infect]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>354-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Enfermedad asociada a Clostridium dif&#64257;cile: nuevas amenazas de un viejo enemigo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caminos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Col Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>142-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium dif&#64257;cile in adults. A systematic review]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bagdasarian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>313</volume>
<page-range>398-408</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Uso de antibióticos en infección de vías urinarias en una unidad de primer nivel de atención en salud, Bogotá, Colombia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murillo-Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leal-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eslava-Schmalbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Salud Pública]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>170-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La automedicación de antibióticos: un problema de salud pública]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fajardo-Zapata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez-Casallas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Niño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tarazona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nossa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Salud Uninorte]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>226-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalencia de diferentes tipos de colitis en personas adultas mayores]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otero Regino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomez Zuleta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Col Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>272-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clostridium dif&#64257;cile colitis: Ashift form a traditional hospital acquired infection to a community and nursing home based disease]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yoslevitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dutta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<page-range>A68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Emergence of community-acquired Clostridium dif&#64257;cile infection: the experience of a French hospital and review of the literature]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oqielska]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lanotte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Brun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valentin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tellier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>36-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nosocomial and non-nosocomial Clostridium dif&#64257;cile infections in hospitalised patients in Belgium: Compulsory surveillance data from 2008 to 2010]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viseur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delmee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Broeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Catry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Euro Surveill]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risk factors for community-associated Clostridium dif&#64257;cile-associated diarrhea in children]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crews]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DuPont]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Starke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Infect Dis J]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>919-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Validation of a clinical prediction scale for hospital-onset Clostridium dif&#64257;cile infection]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chandra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thapa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>419-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An innovative severity score index for Clostridium dif&#64257;cile infection: A prospective study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amaral-Mojica]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rocha-Rodriguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutierrez-Nuñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Dis Clin Pract]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>336-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mortality, hospital costs, payments, and readmissions associated with Clostridium dif&#64257;cile infection among medicare bene&#64257;ciaries]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drozd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Inocencio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braithwaite]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jagun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Dis Clin Pract]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>318-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risk factors off ecal toxigenic or non-toxigenic Clostridium dif&#64257;cile colonization: impact of toll-like receptor polymorphisms and prior antibiotic exposure]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[PLos ONE]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>e69577</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of cefepime as &#64257;rst line therapy for neutropenic fever on Clostridium dif&#64257;cile rates among hematology and oncology patients]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muldoon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ELE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Logvinenko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snydman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Anaerobe]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>79-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factores de riesgo para la infección por Clostridium dif&#64257;cile]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ospina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Atehortúa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berbesi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Infectio]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>220-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clostridium dif&#64257;cile infection among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: Beyond colitis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>326-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Factors predicting recurrence of Clostridium dif&#64257;cile infection (CDI) in hospitalized patients: Retrospective study of more than 2000 patients]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdelfatah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nayfe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nijim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enriquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Investig Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<page-range>747-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for recurrence of Clostridium-dif&#64257;cile-associated diarrhea]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kl]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Js]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[World J Gastroenterol]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>3573-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium dif&#64257;cile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pepin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Killgore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brazier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>366</volume>
<page-range>1079-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
