<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0124-5996</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Economía Institucional]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev.econ.inst.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0124-5996</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Externado de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0124-59962025000200300</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18601/01245996.v27n53.12</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES ON GDP AND EMPLOYMENT: A CASE STUDY OF GERMANY AND SPAIN]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis comparativo del impacto de las industrias culturales y creativas en el PIB y el empleo: un estudio de caso de Alemania y España]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Análise comparativa do impacto das indústrias culturais e criativas no PIB e no emprego: um estudo de caso da Alemanha e da Espanha]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez-Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Flor Marleny]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Catalá-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miguel-Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María De]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manrique-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Johanna]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica de Bolivar  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,UPV  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,UPV  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of British Columbia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Canada</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>53</numero>
<fpage>300</fpage>
<lpage>340</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0124-59962025000200300&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0124-59962025000200300&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0124-59962025000200300&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This study presents a comparative analysis of the cultural and creative industries in Spain and Germany, examining them in terms of knowledge, innovation, and intellectual property, as well as the implications of their clusters for regional growth in both countries. For this analysis, descriptive statistics are used to examine economic and employment indicators, analyzing data from various sources, including official national and regional statistics. The results indicate that both industries contribute significantly to economic growth in terms of GDP and employment. In addition, the study provides recommendations for using these clusters to promote economic growth and social cohesion.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Este estudio presenta un análisis comparativo de las industrias culturales y creativas en España y Alemania, examinándolas en términos de conocimiento, innovación y propiedad intelectual, así como las implicaciones de sus clústeres para el crecimiento regional en ambos países. Para este análisis, se utilizan estadísticas descriptivas para examinar indicadores económicos y de empleo, a partir de datos de diversas fuentes, incluidas estadísticas nacionales y regionales oficiales. Los resultados indican que ambas industrias contribuyen significativamente al crecimiento económico en términos de PIB y empleo. Además, el estudio proporciona recomendaciones para utilizar estos clústeres para promover el crecimiento económico y la cohesión social.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo: Este estudo apresenta uma análise comparativa das indústrias culturais e criativas na Espanha e na Alemanha, examinando-as sob os enfoques do conhecimento, da inovação e da propriedade intelectual, bem como as implicações de seus clusters para o crescimento regional em ambos os países. Para essa análise, utilizam-se estatísticas descritivas com o objetivo de examinar indicadores econômicos e de emprego, a partir de dados provenientes de diversas fontes, incluindo estatísticas oficiais nacionais e regionais. Os resultados indicam que ambas as indústrias contribuem de forma significativa para o crescimento econômico em termos de PIB e geração de emprego. Além disso, o estudo oferece recomendações para a utilização estratégica desses clusters na promoção do crescimento econômico e da coesão social.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cultural and creative industry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[clusters]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic development]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[regional development. JEL: Z11]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[L82]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[O18]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[R11]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[J21]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[C21]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Industria cultural y creativa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[clústeres]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desarrollo económico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desarrollo regional. JEL: Z11]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[L82]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[O18]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[R11]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[J21]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[C21]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Indústria cultural e criativa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[clusters]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[desenvolvimento econômico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[desenvolvimento regional. JEL: Z11]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[L82]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[O18]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[R11]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[J21]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[C21]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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