<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0304-2847</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellín]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0304-2847</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias - Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0304-28472019000108707</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15446/rfnam.v72n1.72564</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Vulnerability to climate change of smallholder cocoa producers in the province of Manabí, Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Vulnerabilidad al cambio climático de pequeños productores de cacao en la provincia de Manabí, Ecuador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macías Barberán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuenca Nevárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Intriago Flor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frank]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caetano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Creucí María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menjivar Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacheco Gil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Henry Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica de Manabí Facultad de Ciencias Zootécnicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Portoviejo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Palmira ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica de Manabí Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Portoviejo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>8707</fpage>
<lpage>8716</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0304-28472019000108707&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0304-28472019000108707&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0304-28472019000108707&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The consequences of climate change in the agricultural sector worldwide expose the need to understand the scope of their impact in order to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies for them. Therefore, this research evaluated the alterations in the environmental conditions and their relation with the vulnerability of smallholder cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) producers to climate change in the province of Manabí. A non-probabilistic sampling of 1,060 small farmers was made in five cantons of Manabí. The vulnerability was determined through indicators such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), deforestation data from 1990 to 2016, models of the changes in climate and extreme weather events, satellite images, records from the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (INAMHI by its initials in Spanish), and numerical outputs of mathematical models calibrated for Ecuador climatic and environmental data. Each indicator was calculated in conventional units and then categorized into vulnerability levels: low, medium, high and very high. For the indicators&#8217; superposition, algebraic tools of the Geographic Information Systems&#8217; (GIS) maps were used. The results showed a very high incidence of extreme events, deforestation higher than 6,000 ha year-1, an increase of 0.8 °C in temperature between 1960 and 2006, an increase in rainfall on the coastal zone close to 90% and a decrease of it of more than 20% on the agricultural area. Furthermore, coverage showed the following distribution of the determined vulnerability levels: low (13.30%), medium (34.74%), high (45.53%), and very high (6.43%).]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Las consecuencias del cambio climático en el sector agrícola a nivel mundial dejan expuesta la necesidad de entender los alcances de su impacto para así desarrollar estrategias de mitigación y adaptación para las mismas. Por lo tanto, esta investigación evaluó las alteraciones en las condiciones ambientales y su relación con la vulnerabilidad que tienen los pequeños productores de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) al cambio climático en la provincia de Manabí. Se hizo un muestreo no probabilístico de 1.060 pequeños agricultores en cinco cantones de Manabí. La vulnerabilidad se determinó mediante indicadores como el índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI por sus siglas en inglés), datos de deforestación de 1990 a 2016, modelos de los cambios en el clima y eventos climáticos extremos, imágenes de satélite, registros del Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (INAMHI) y salidas numéricas de modelos matemáticos calibrados para datos climáticos y ambientales del Ecuador. Cada indicador se calculó en unidades convencionales y luego se categorizó en niveles de vulnerabilidad: baja, media, alta y muy alta. Para la superposición de los indicadores se usó herramientas algebraicas de los mapas del Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). Los resultados muestran una incidencia muy alta de eventos extremos, deforestación superior a 6.000 ha año-1, un incremento de la temperatura en 0,8 °C de 1960 a 2006, un aumento en las precipitaciones en la zona costera cercano al 90% y una disminución en las mismas superior al 20% en la zona agrícola. Además, la cobertura arrojo la siguiente distribución en los niveles de vulnerabilidad: baja (13,30%), media (34,74%), alta (45,53%), y muy alta (6,43%).]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cobertura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Deforestación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Eventos climáticos extremos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Precipitaciones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Temperatura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Theobroma cacao L]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Coverage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Deforestation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Extreme weather events]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Rainfall]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Temperature]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Theobroma cacao L]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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