<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0370-3908</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. acad. colomb. cienc. exact. fis. nat.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0370-3908</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0370-39082024000100145</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18257/raccefyn.1965</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Pronóstico de la precipitación en los Andes tropicales: lecciones de las simulaciones de convección permitida]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Forecasting precipitation over the tropical Andes: Lessons from convection-permitting simulations]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rendón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buriticá-Ruíz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luisa F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giraldo-Cárdenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paola A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Ambiental]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia Facultad de Ingeniería Escuela Ambiental]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>186</numero>
<fpage>145</fpage>
<lpage>168</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0370-39082024000100145&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0370-39082024000100145&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0370-39082024000100145&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Se presentan los resultados de la evaluación de 625 pronósticos diarios de precipitación en una parte de los Andes colombianos, realizados con el modelo Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) entre 2020 y 2022. Las simulaciones se hicieron en modo de "convección permitida" usando un espaciado de cuadrícula de 4 km. El desempeño del WRF se contrastó con los pronósticos del Global Forecasting System (GFS) y con datos basados en observaciones. Los pronósticos con el WRF produjeron un patrón promedio de máximos nocturnos en valles interandinos y tierras bajas similar al del Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM). La precipitación diurna según el WRF tuvo lugar, sobre todo, en las montañas. Comparados con los de la GPM, los promedios estacionales evidenciaron una sobreestimación en las montañas y una subestimación en tierras bajas. Los sesgos y precipitaciones absolutas del GFS fueron de menos magnitud que los del WRF. Las correlaciones entre acumulados diarios del GPM y los pronósticos de ambos modelos tendieron a ser mayores en las temporadas secas, llegando a valores máximos de 0,62 y 0,70 con WRF y GFS, respectivamente. Los índices basados en tablas de contingencia fueron similares en el WRF y el GFS, con valores de Bias, FAR y POD cercanos a 1,1, 0,10 y 0,96, respectivamente. La inspección de dos eventos especiales de precipitaciones elevadas en sendos lugares de Antioquia estableció que tanto el WRF como varios de los modelos globales proveyeron pronósticos útiles hasta con 12 horas de anticipación. Sin embargo, las simulaciones de mayor resolución representaron mejor las estructuras y gradientes propios del terreno complejo de los Andes tropicales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract We evaluated 625 daily precipitation forecasts over parts of the Colombian Andes using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model between 2020 and 2022. We run the simulations in "convection-permitting" mode using a grid spacing of 4 km. WRF's performance was compared with forecasts from the Global Forecasting System (GFS) and observational data. On average, WRF's forecasts produced a pattern of nighttime maxima within the inter-Andean valleys and lowlands like that of the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM). According to the WRF model, daytime precipitation mostly occurred over the mountains. Compared to GPM, the WRF model overestimated precipitation in the mountains and underestimated it in the lowlands. In the GFS model, the biases and the absolute precipitation were smaller in magnitude than in the WRF. Correlation values between daily precipitation in the GPM and the forecasts of both models tended to be higher during dry seasons, with maximum values of 0.62 and 0.70 in the WRF and the GFS, respectively. The indices based on contingency tables were similar in the WRF and the GFS, with Bias, FAR, and POD values close to 1.1, 0.10, and 0.96, respectively. The evaluation of heavy rainfall events in two places in Antioquia established that the WRF and several global models provided forecasts up to 12 hours in advance. However, higher-resolution simulations are better for representing structures and gradients typical of the complex terrain of the tropical Andes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pronóstico meteorológico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Regiones montañosas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Meteorología de mesoescala]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Modelos numéricos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[WRF]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Weather forecast]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mountain regions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mesoscale meteorology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Numerical models]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[WRF]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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