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<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1657-6276</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Pensamiento & Gestión]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Pensam. gest.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1657-6276</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Universidad del Norte - Barranquilla, Colombia.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1657-62762015000200001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La teoría fundamentada (Grounded Theory), metodología cualitativa de investigación científica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Páramo Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dagoberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
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<aff id="A">
<institution><![CDATA[,  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
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<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>39</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>7</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
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</front><body><![CDATA[  <font face="verdana" size="2">      <p align="center"><font size="4"><b>EDITORIAL</b></font></p>     <p align="center"><font size="3"><b>La teor&iacute;a fundamentada (Grounded Theory), metodolog&iacute;a cualitativa de investigaci&oacute;n cient&iacute;fica</b></font></p>       <p>En el proceso de analizar y comprender la complejidad propia del fen&oacute;meno a estudiar confluyen varios aspectos de diferente naturaleza. Entre estos se destaca tanto la visi&oacute;n del mundo y los intereses del investigador que lo conducir&aacute;n a acercarse de una forma o de otra a los hechos, como las intr&iacute;nsecas particularidades de la tem&aacute;tica escogida. En lo que respecta al investigador es evidente su activa participaci&oacute;n no solo en la elecci&oacute;n del problema sino en la metodolog&iacute;a <i>("la forma de pensar la realidad social y de estudiarla"</i>, Strauss &amp; Corbin, 1998) con la que va a trabajar. En cuanto a la tem&aacute;tica, ella se desarrolla con su complejidad y con el grado de profundidad con la cual ha sido estudiada por otros.</p>      <p>En aquellos temas que han sido poco abordados y en consecuencia no se dispone de teor&iacute;as formales o sustanciales, o en aquellos que por reclamar ir m&aacute;s all&aacute; de las teor&iacute;as requieren una visi&oacute;n m&aacute;s fresca, Glaser y Strauss (1967) propusieron la Teor&iacute;a Fundamentada (TF) (en ingl&eacute;s <i>Grounded Theory</i>, GT) como una manera de aproximarse a la realidad social de una forma diferente. En oposici&oacute;n a las aproximaciones hipot&eacute;tico-deductivas, Glaser y Strauss definieron la TF como una <i>"aproximaci&oacute;n inductiva en la cual la inmersi&oacute;n en los datos </i><i>sirve de punto de partida del desarrollo de una teor&iacute;a sobre un fen&oacute;meno"</i> (Guillemette, 2006), que tiende <i>"a generalizar en la direcci&oacute;n de las </i><i>ideas te&oacute;ricas, subrayando el desarrollo de teor&iacute;as m&aacute;s que la prueba de una </i><i>teor&iacute;a"</i> (Hunt &amp; Ropo, 1995). As&iacute;, cambiando el orden usual de la revisi&oacute;n de la literatura y la recolecci&oacute;n de los datos, la TF busca adaptar los descubrimientos previos a las caracter&iacute;sticas espec&iacute;ficas del fen&oacute;meno en estudio (Hirschman &amp; Thompson, 1997)</p>      <p>Esta metodolog&iacute;a fue desarrollada como reacci&oacute;n al positivismo extremo que exist&iacute;a en la mayor parte de la investigaci&oacute;n social. Espec&iacute;ficamente, Glaser y Strauss desafiaron los supuestos dominantes de la "gran teor&iacute;a" apoy&aacute;ndose en el pragmatismo de Peirce (1839-1931) y en el interaccionismo simb&oacute;lico de Mead (1863-1931), quienes rechazaron la noci&oacute;n cuya verdad cient&iacute;fica reflejaba una realidad externa e independiente (Sudabby, 2006). Contrariamente a lo prevaleciente, ellos argumentaban que esta verdad cient&iacute;fica resulta del acto de observaci&oacute;n y de los consensos emergentes en una comunidad de observadores de acuerdo con el sentido que ellos le dan a lo observado. En otras palabras, <i>"la realidad emp&iacute;rica es </i><i>vista como una interpretaci&oacute;n en curso de significaciones producidas por los indi</i><i>viduos insertos en un proyecto com&uacute;n de observaci&oacute;n"</i> (Sudabby, 2006). Seg&uacute;n Charmaz (1983), Glaser y Strauss quisieron cubrir la brecha existente entre la investigaci&oacute;n emp&iacute;rica te&oacute;ricamente "no informada"<i> </i>y la teor&iacute;a emp&iacute;ricamente "no informada" a trav&eacute;s de enraizar la teor&iacute;a en los datos.</p>      <p>La teor&iacute;a fundamentada exige identificar categor&iacute;as te&oacute;ricas que son derivadas de los datos mediante la utilizaci&oacute;n de un <i>m&eacute;todo comparativo </i><i>constante</i> (Glaser &amp; Strauss, 1967; Hammersley, 1989), recurriendo a la <i>sensibilidad te&oacute;rica</i> del investigador. Ello exige del investigador comparar contenidos de diversos episodios de entrevistas o de observaci&oacute;n con los conceptos te&oacute;ricos nacientes del esfuerzo de identificar los temas fundamentales (Wells, 1995; Barnes, 1996). Se notan as&iacute; las diferencias y las similitudes de los datos, lo que conduce a la derivaci&oacute;n de <i>categor&iacute;as te&oacute;</i><i>ricas</i> que pueden ayudar a comprender el fen&oacute;meno en estudio (Glaser &amp; Strauss, 1967; Glaser, 1992). La utilizaci&oacute;n de este m&eacute;todo ha estado en gran parte confinada, en t&eacute;rminos generales, a la adopci&oacute;n "de una teorizaci&oacute;n anclada" en la recolecci&oacute;n y el an&aacute;lisis de los datos (Hirschman &amp; Thompson, 1997; Phillips, 1997). La recolecci&oacute;n de datos precede, en gran parte, al examen de la literatura apropiada a fin de permitir que los temas emergentes reflejen lo m&aacute;s estrechamente posible la naturaleza de los datos por oposici&oacute;n a las conclusiones ya establecidas en la literatura disponible.</p>      <p>Una caracter&iacute;stica importante de la teor&iacute;a fundamentada es el &eacute;nfasis puesto en el examen detallado de los datos emp&iacute;ricos antes que en la lectura focalizada de la literatura (Glaser &amp; Strauss, 1967; Goulding, 1998). <i>El objetivo es adaptar los resultados precedentes a los resultados del estudio en </i><i>cuesti&oacute;n, m&aacute;s que sean las preconcepciones basadas en la literatura existente las </i><i>que influyan en la interpretaci&oacute;n de los datos</i> (Hirschman &amp; Thompson, 1997; Locke, 2001). Adem&aacute;s, al partir del fen&oacute;meno o del comportamiento en estudio, m&aacute;s que de las teor&iacute;as, hay menos oportunidad de que los resultados de las investigaciones sean te&oacute;ricamente eliminados por las necesidades del tema en estudio (Thompson, 1997)</p>      <p>La TF hace un &eacute;nfasis particular en la naturaleza socialmente construida de la realidad (Goulding, 1998) y su objetivo es producir interpretaciones que puedan explicar y proporcionar informaci&oacute;n valiosa sobre aquellos cuyas conductas son sometidas a estudio (Annells, 1996; Glaser &amp; Strauss, 1967). En particular, la TF busca identificar las principales preocupaciones de los actores sociales relacionadas con algunas de las estrategias que se pueden emplear en la resoluci&oacute;n de tales preocupaciones (Glaser, 1992). En este proceso, la TF puede ser vista como un potencial instigador del cambio despu&eacute;s de haber explicado el comportamiento de los actores sociales, d&aacute;ndoles un grado de control que no ten&iacute;an antes (Wuest, 1995; Hammerseley 1989). Una de sus principales fortalezas es reconocer la complejidad del mundo social (Wells, 1995), sobre todo porque los procesos sociales b&aacute;sicos son un concepto clave de la TF propuesta por Glaser y Strauss (1967) y elaborada por Glaser (1978)</p>      <p>Por ser interpretativista y tener sus ra&iacute;ces en el interaccionismo simb&oacute;lico, la aplicaci&oacute;n de la TF es m&aacute;s relevante en fen&oacute;menos sociales en los cuales las relaciones entre los actores son muy cercanas<i>: &laquo;Las acciones </i><i>humanas se basan en los significados que los actores consideren apropiados; estos </i><i>significados se derivan de la interacci&oacute;n social con los dem&aacute;s; los significados son </i><i>construidos/modificados por los actores a trav&eacute;s de interpretaciones y experiencias </i><i>sociales&raquo;</i> (Bryant, 2002).</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Por otro lado, la TF es una metodolog&iacute;a m&aacute;s adecuada para resolver cierto tipo de cuestiones. Se adapta m&aacute;s a los esfuerzos para discernir el proceso a trav&eacute;s del cual los actores construyen significados m&aacute;s all&aacute; de su experiencia intersubjetiva. Puede ser utilizada en una forma l&oacute;gicamente consistente con los supuestos claves de la realidad social y de c&oacute;mo ella es conocida. La TF es menos adecuada, por ejemplo, cuando se busca conocer la "realidad objetiva" y, por el contrario, es m&aacute;s apropiada cuando queremos saber c&oacute;mo las personas interpretan su realidad (Sudabby, 2006).</p>      <p>La TF como proceso interpretativo depende de la sensibilidad del investigador a los elementos t&aacute;citos de los datos o a los significados y las connotaciones que pueden ser aparentes como resultado de una lectura superficial de contenidos reveladores.</p>      <p>Seg&uacute;n Strauss y Corbin (1998), la TF puede ser utilizada sobre todo en el campo de las ciencias sociales. El requisito principal es que se trate de una investigaci&oacute;n orientada a generar una teor&iacute;a de un fen&oacute;meno, o que se desarrolle en un &aacute;rea en la que no existen explicaciones suficientes y satisfactorias. Jones y et al. (2004) mostraron diferentes casos en el sector de la salud en los que se aplic&oacute; la TF; Martin (2007) estudi&oacute; el comportamiento tur&iacute;stico de diversos agentes; Scriber et al. (2001) informaron sobre su aplicaci&oacute;n en enfermer&iacute;a; Strube (1992) dise&ntilde;&oacute;, en su tesis doctoral, un modelo de auto-administraci&oacute;n de los pacientes; Curry (2003) propuso el uso de la TF como un instrumento de desarrollo del conocimiento, y Maijala et al. (2004) utilizaron la TF para estudiar la interacci&oacute;n entre personal de salud y familiares de los pacientes.</p>      <p>A nivel de la administraci&oacute;n, encontramos diferentes aplicaciones de la TF. Joannides y Berland (2008) mencionan algunos usos en la investigaci&oacute;n en control de gesti&oacute;n; Sutton (1987) dise&ntilde;&oacute; un modelo para determinar c&oacute;mo las organizaciones hacen la transici&oacute;n hacia su desaparici&oacute;n; Avena (2005) estudi&oacute; la experiencia de la toma de decisiones en la administraci&oacute;n basadas en la responsabilidad; Leonard y Mcadam (2002) propusieron un modelo para captar la gesti&oacute;n total de la calidad en las organizaciones a trav&eacute;s del tiempo; Pauleen et al. (2007) utilizaron la TF y la acci&oacute;n de aprendizaje como estrategia de gesti&oacute;n de conocimientos cuando las personas trabajan con nuevas tecnolog&iacute;as; Bakir y Bakir (2006) descubrieron la complejidad oculta en la estrategia de las organizaciones culturales; Komives et al. (2006) crearon un modelo de desarrollo de identidad del liderazgo, e Hindle (2002) utiliz&oacute; la TF para aprender sobre &laquo;emprendimiento&raquo; recurriendo a los juegos de simulaci&oacute;n.</p>      <p>En marketing no existen muchas piezas de investigaci&oacute;n que utilicen la TF. La mayor&iacute;a se ha desarrollado en el campo del comportamiento del consumidor. Pettigrew (2002) estudi&oacute; el consumo de cerveza en Australia; Goulding (1997 ) desarroll&oacute; un estudio del comportamiento del consumidor contempor&aacute;neo en relaci&oacute;n con el consumo de museos; Vyas (2008) trat&oacute; de comprender y documentar las percepciones y la experiencia de los consumidores de los diversos esfuerzos de &laquo;ventas cruzadas&raquo; hechos por diferentes empresas; Valor (2007) propuso un modelo basado en la ambivalencia de explicar la influencia de la informaci&oacute;n sobre los abusos del trabajo en el comportamiento del consumidor cuando compra ropa; P&aacute;ramo (2009) analiz&oacute; la tienda de barrio como un espacio de reforzamiento cultural del consumidor colombiano.</p>      <p align="right"><b>Dagoberto P&aacute;ramo Morales</b>    <br> Editor</p>  <hr>      <p><b>REFERENCIAS</b></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Annells, M. (1996). Grounded theory method: Philosophical perspectives, paradigms of inquiry, and postmodemism. <i>Qualitative Health Research 6</i>(3): 379-393.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195048&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p>Avena, E. (2005). The experience of responsibility-based management in decision making: a grounded theory study. Dissertation. University of Phoenix, November.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195050&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Bakir, A. &amp; Bakir, V. (2006). Unpacking complexity, pinning down the "elusiveness" of strategy. A grounded theory study in leisure and cultural organisations Qualitative <i>Research in Organizations and Management: An Interna</i><i>tional Journal, 1</i>(3).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195052&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Barnes, D.M. (1996). An analysis of the Grounded theory method and the concept of culture. <i>Qualitative Health Research 6</i>(3): 429-441.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195054&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Bryant, A. (2002). Re-grounding grounded theory. <i>JITTA</i><i>: Journal of Information </i><i>Technology Theory and Application, 4</i>(1). Hong Kong.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195056&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Charmaz, K. (1983). The grounded theory method: an explication and interpretation. In Emerson, R. (Ed.), <i>Contemporary field research: A collection of </i><i>readings. </i>Boston, MA: Little Brown Company.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195058&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p>Charmaz, K. (2005). Grounded theory in the 21st century.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195060&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Dans Denzin, N.K.,&amp; Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds.), <i>The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research </i>(3ed.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195062&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref -->)</p>      <!-- ref --><p>Corbin, J. &amp; Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons and evaluative criteria. <i>Qualitative Sociology, 13</i>, 3-21.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195064&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Curry, E.L (2003). The use of Grounded theory as a knowledge development tool. <i>Journal of Theory Construction &amp; Testing</i>, Fall; 7, 2.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195066&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Glaser, B. &amp; Strauss, A. (1967). <i>The discovery of grounded theory</i>. Chicago: Aldine Press.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195068&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p>Glaser, B.G. (1978). <i>Theoretical sensitivity</i>. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195070&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Glaser, B.G. (1992). <i>Basics of grounded theory analysis</i>. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195072&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Glaser, B.G. (2004), Remodeling Grounded theory. <i>Forum Qualitative Social Re</i><i>search, 5</i>(2), May.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195074&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Goulding, C. (1998). Grounded theory: The missing methodology on the interpretivist agenda. <i>Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 1</i>(1), 50-57.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195076&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </p>      <!-- ref --><p>Guillemette, F. (2006). L'approche de la Grounded Theory; pour innover? <i>Re</i><i>cherches qualitatives, 26</i>(1), 32-50.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195078&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p>Hammersley, M. (1989). <i>The dilemma of qualitative method</i>. London: Routledge&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195080&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>Hindle, K. (2002). A grounded theory for teaching entrepreneurship using simulation games. <i>Simulations &amp; Gaming, 33</i>(2), June, 236-241.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2195081&pid=S1657-6276201500020000100018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Hirschman, E. C. &amp; Thompson, C. J. (1997). 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