<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1657-6357</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Sociedad y Economía]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Soc. Econ.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1657-6357</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Económicas- Universidad del Valle]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1657-63572024000300008</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25100/sye.v0i53.13274</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Sobreeducación en egresados universitarios para las carreras STEM en Perú]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Overeducation Among University Graduates in STEM Fields in Peru]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza-Pumapillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz-Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Ángel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dilas-Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josué Otoniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de San Martín de Porres  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lima ]]></addr-line>
<country>Perú</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del Callao  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Callao ]]></addr-line>
<country>Perú</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lima ]]></addr-line>
<country>Perú</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>53</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1657-63572024000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1657-63572024000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1657-63572024000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: La inversión en educación en las carreras STEM y su relación con el retorno salarial no es consecuente, lo que conduce a la necesidad de estudiar las características y los efectos del desajuste entre estas dos variables.  Objetivo: Identificar los factores que evidencian el desajuste entre educación y empleo en los egresados universitarios de carreras de ciencias, tecnologías, ingenierías y matemáticas (STEM, por sus siglas en inglés), así como sus efectos en el salario.  Metodología: Se utilizó la base de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Egresados Universitarios y Universidades del año 2014 del Perú, midiendo el desajuste mediante el método de autoevaluación. Asimismo, se aplicó el modelo Logit Ordinal Generalizado Parcial para analizar los factores determinantes asociados al nivel de desajuste leve y grave, con énfasis en el estudio de este último. Además, se identificaron las penalidades salariales del desajuste aplicando la técnica del Propensity Score Matching.  Resultados: Se encontró que el 69% de los egresados de carreras STEM presentan un desajuste en el empleo, una de las cifras más altas en América Latina y superior a la observada en países desarrollados.  Conclusiones: Los principales factores determinantes del desajuste en nivel grave son las características personales del egresado, su procedencia y trayectoria educativa. La penalidad salarial del desajuste de los egresados universitarios de carreras STEM alcanzó alrededor del 24% en comparación con aquellos adecuadamente empleados, superando a sus pares en Europa, Asia y Norteamérica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Investment in STEM education and its relationship with salary returns is inconsistent, highlighting the need to study the characteristics and effects of the mismatch between these two variables.  Objective: To identify the factors that explain the mismatch between education and employment among university graduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, as well as its effects on wages.  Methodology: The study used data from Peru&#8217;s 2014 National Survey of University Graduates and Universities, measuring mismatch through the self-assessment method. A Partial Generalized Ordered Logit Model was applied to analyze the determinants associated with mild and severe mismatch levels, with emphasis on the latter. Additionally, wage penalties associated with mismatch were estimated using the Propensity Score Matching technique.  Results: The findings show that 69% of STEM graduates experience employment mismatch, one of the highest rates in Latin America and higher than those reported in developed countries.  Conclusions: The main determinants of severe mismatch are the graduates&#8217; personal characteristics, origin, and educational trajectory. The wage penalty for mismatched STEM graduates was approximately 24% compared to those adequately employed, exceeding the penalties observed in Europe, Asia, and North America.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[prospección educacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[educación inclusiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[STEM]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[educación y desarrollo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[universidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[graduado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estatus profesional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[educación superior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ciencia y tecnología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[salario]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[educational prospecting]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[inclusive education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[STEM]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[education and development]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[university]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[graduate]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[professional status]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[higher education]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[science and technology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[salary]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aghion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A model of growth through creative destruction]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>323-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Apaza Nina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Desajuste educativo en el primer empleo de los jóvenes egresados universitarios]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lima, Perú ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education]]></source>
<year>1975</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NBER]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Education and jobs: The great training robbery]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Penguin Education]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Guía práctica para la evaluación de impacto]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burgos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efectos de la sobreeducación y el desfase de conocimientos sobre los salarios y la búsqueda de trabajo de profesionistas. Resultados de un estudio basado en opiniones y percepciones de egresados]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perfiles Educativos]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>134</numero>
<issue>134</issue>
<page-range>34-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sobreeducación en el mercado laboral chileno]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Análisis Económico]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>51-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The magnitude and predictors of overeducation and overskilling in Latin America: Evidence from PIAAC]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IZA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cattani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guidetti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pedrini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Assessing the incidence and wage effects of overeducation among Italian graduates using a new measure for educational requirements]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Quaderni]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Congreso de la República</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ley Nº 29837, Ley que crea el Programa Nacional de Becas y Créditos Educativos]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuesta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Mangas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Overeducation under different macroeconomic conditions: How Spanish university graduates fit in the labor market?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Policy Modeling]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>448-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dolton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vignoles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The incidence and effects of overeducation in the U.K. graduate labour market]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics of Education Review]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>179-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duncan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoffman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The incidence and wage effects of over-education]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics of Education Review]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>75-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eckaus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Economic criteria for education and training]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economics and Statistics]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>181-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esparta Polanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La inadecuación ocupacional de los trabajadores profesionales del sector privado formal]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Trabajo y Promoción del Empleo]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nieto Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mercado laboral y educación: Desajuste educativo en Colombia]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Externado de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frenette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The overqualified Canadian graduate: The role of the academic program in the incidence, persistence, and economic returns to overqualification]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics of Education Review]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>29-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galarza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Labor market discrimination in Lima, Peru: Evidence from a field experiment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Development]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<page-range>83-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia-Mainar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montuenga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The signalling role of over-education and qualifications mismatch]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Policy Modeling]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>99-119</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Georgieff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milanez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What happened to jobs at high risk of automation?]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OECD Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Groot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maassen van den Brink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Overeducation in the labor market: A meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics of Education Review]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>149-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hartog]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oosterbeek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Education, allocation and earnings in the Netherlands: Overschooling?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economics of Education Review]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>185-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heckman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sample selection bias as a specification]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>153-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>INEI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta Nacional a Egresados Universitarios y Universidades (ENEUU)]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INEI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>INEI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta Nacional de Empresas (ENE)]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INEI]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jorgenson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Productivity and economic growth]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dean]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hulten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[New developments in productivity analysis]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<page-range>19-118</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Chicago Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kucel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Over-education and its opportunity cost in Japan]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Asia Pacific Education Review]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>299-312</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[¿Una promesa incumplida?: La calidad de la educación superior universitaria y el subempleo profesional en el Perú]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco Central de Reserva del Perú]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leuven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oosterbeek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Overeducation and mismatch in the labor market]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IZA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Long]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Regression models for categorical dependent variables using STATA]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Stata Corporation]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lucas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[On the mechanics of economic development]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Monetary Economics]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madrigal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Una revisión de los métodos de medición del desajuste educativo: Ventajas e inconvenientes]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Barcelona]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>ManpowerGroup</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Lo que los trabajadores quieren: Resolviendo la escasez de talento]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ManpowerGroup]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mavromaras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGuinness]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Leary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sloane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Job mismatch and labour market outcomes: Panel evidence on Australian university graduate]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Record]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>286</numero>
<issue>286</issue>
<page-range>382-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meroni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vera-Toscano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The persistence of overeducation among recent graduates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Labour Economics]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>120-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Messina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Políticas de mercado de trabajo en Argentina (2003-2019): Fragmentación institucional y escasez presupuestaria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aposta]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>94-119</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mincer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Schooling, experience, and earnings]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[NBER]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phelps]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investment in humans, technological diffusion and economic growth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1966</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>1/2</numero>
<issue>1/2</issue>
<page-range>69-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>OIT</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Tendencias mundiales del empleo juvenil, una generación en peligro]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OIT]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How do academic achievement and gender affect the earnings of STEM majors? A propensity score matching approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Research in Higher Education]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>245-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desajuste ocupacional de los egresados universitarios: Un análisis ordinal con enfoque hacia carreras de ciencia y tecnología]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Peruana de Investigación Educativa]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
<page-range>7-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oviedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Premio a la calidad universitaria en el mercado laboral peruano]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Educación superior y empleo en el Perú: Una brecha persistente]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<page-range>71-90</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad del Pacífico]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The wage effects of over-education among young STEM graduates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Singapore Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1351-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pecoraro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The incidence and wage effects of overeducation using the worker&#8217;s self-assessment of skill utilization]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UCLouvain]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shih]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sparber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[STEM workers, H-1B visas, and productivity in US cities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Labor Economics]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>^sS1</numero>
<issue>^sS1</issue>
<supplement>S1</supplement>
<page-range>225-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quejada Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ávila Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sobreeducación en Colombia: Un análisis de los determinantes y desajustes del mercado laboral en un contexto nacional y regional]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trabajo y Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<numero>28</numero>
<issue>28</issue>
<page-range>219-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahona López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Un análisis del desajuste educativo en el primer empleo de los jóvenes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Principios: Estudios de Economía Política]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>45-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Esteban]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El ajuste entre formación y empleo de los universitarios en España]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[León, España ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de León]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sobreeducación en el mercado laboral: Determinantes y consecuencias en el Perú, 2001-2011]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economía]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>77</numero>
<issue>77</issue>
<page-range>33-101</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenbaum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Matched Sampling for Causal Effects]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<numero>1083</numero>
<issue>1083</issue>
<page-range>170-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rotar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krsnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysing the relationship between unemployment benefits and unemployment duration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Society and Economy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>280-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schultz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Investment in human capital]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1961</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sevilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farías]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Labour market mismatch in emerging countries: The case of Chile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>276-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sicherman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A theory of career mobility]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Economy]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>169-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spence]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Job market signaling]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Quarterly Journal of Economics]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>355-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verdugo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verdugo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of surplus schooling on earnings: Some additional findings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Human Resources]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[629-643]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weksler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sobreeducación entre los egresados universitarios argentinos: Evidencias de una problemática estructural para el período 2003-2018]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios del Trabajo]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<numero>59</numero>
<issue>59</issue>
<page-range>52-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Stata Journal]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>58-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wincenciak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Educational mismatches and earnings in Poland: Are graduates penalised for being overeducated?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ekonomia Journal]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>46</numero>
<issue>46</issue>
<page-range>145-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oviedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Educación superior y subempleo profesional ¿una creciente burbuja mundial?]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad del Pacífico]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zakariya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Wage effect of over-education and mismatch in Malaysia: A random effect approach]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>3-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Overeducation, major mismatch, and return to higher education tiers: Evidence from novel data source of a major online recruitment platform in China]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IZA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
