<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1794-3108</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Criminalidad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Crim.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1794-3108</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Policía Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1794-31082021000300187</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47741/17943108.306</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La internacionalización de las redes de tráfico de migrantes entre México y Estados Unidos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The internationalization of migrant smuggling networks between Mexico and the Unites States]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A internacionalização das redes de contrabando de migrantes entre o México e os Estados Unidos]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Izcara-Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Simón Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tamaulipas ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>187</fpage>
<lpage>202</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1794-31082021000300187&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1794-31082021000300187&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1794-31082021000300187&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo, sustentado en entrevistas conducidas entre los años 2008 y 2019 con 192 traficantes de migrantes, tiene como objetivo analizar el proceso de internacionalización de las redes de tráfico de migrantes entre México y Estados Unidos. Este trabajo comienza estudiando de modo comparativo los trabajos de los teóricos que subrayan que las redes de tráfico de migrantes han experimentado un creciente grado de complejizarían, deslocalización e internacionalización, y los de aquellos que señalan que estas redes no han sufrido cambios significativos. A continuación, se describe el método y a los actores entrevistados. Más adelante, los resultados de esta investigación indican que entre los años 2008 al 2019 se pasa de un predominio de las redes locales a una preponderancia de las redes internacionales. En las primeras migrantes y polleros están unidos por lazos de paisanaje y amistad. En las últimas no existen vínculos entre estos actores. Finalmente, se concluye que las redes internacionales presentan un mayor riesgo para los migrantes ya que si sucede algún percance las familias de los migrantes no pueden pedir explicaciones ni hacer responsables a los traficantes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article, based on interviews with 192 migrant smugglers conducted between 2008 and 2019, aims to analyze the process of internationalization of migrant smuggling networks between Mexico and the United States. This paper begins by comparatively studying the work of theorists who stress that migrant smuggling networks have undergone a growing degree of complexity, delocalization and internationalization, and those who point out that these networks have not suffered significant changes. Next, the method and the actors interviewed are described. Thereafter, the results of this research indicate that between 2008 and 2019 it went from a predominance of local networks to a preponderance of international networks. In the former migrants and smugglers are united by bonds of countryman ship and friendship. In the latter there are no links between these actors. Finally, we conclude that international networks pose a higher risk to migrants because if any mishap occurs to them the families of migrants cannot ask for explanations or hold smugglers accountable.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Este artigo, baseado em entrevistas realizadas entre 2008 e 2019 com 192 contrabandistas de migrantes, tem como objetivo analisar o processo de internacionalização das redes de contrabando de migrantes entre o México e os Estados Unidos. Este trabalho começa estudando comparativamente o trabalho dos teóricos que enfatizam que as redes de contrabando de migrantes têm experimentado um grau crescente de complexidade, realocação e internacionalização, e aqueles que apontam que essas redes não sofreram mudanças significativas. O método e os atores entrevistados são descritos abaixo. Posteriormente, os resultados desta pesquisa indicam que entre 2008 e 2019 há predominância das redes locais para uma preponderância das redes internacionais. Nos primeiros migrantes e polleros estão unidos por laços de paisanaje e amizade. Neste último, não há ligações entre esses atores. Por fim, conclui-se que as redes internacionais representam um risco maior para os migrantes, uma vez que, se algum acidente acontecer, as famílias de migrantes não podem pedir explicações ou responsabilizar os contrabandistas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Tráfico de migrantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[traficantes de migrantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[empleadores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Migrant smuggling]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[migrant smugglers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[employers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[United States]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Contrabando de migrantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[contrabandistas de migrantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[empregadores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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