<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1794-3108</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Criminalidad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Crim.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1794-3108</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Policía Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1794-31082023000300047</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47741/17943108.509</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Medellín, lecciones de un cambio en seguridad ciudadana]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Medellín, lessons of a change in citizen security]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Medellín, lições de uma mudança na segurança cidadã]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz Vásquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerón Steevens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karen Nathalia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otálora Sechague]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan David]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés Russo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura Nathalia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Peláez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel Felipe]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Rosario  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Rosario  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad El Bosque Universidad Rosario ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Internacionalista  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad El Bosque  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>47</fpage>
<lpage>64</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1794-31082023000300047&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1794-31082023000300047&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1794-31082023000300047&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Medellín fue considerada la ciudad más violenta del mundo durante los años noventa con una tasa de homicidios superior a 370 por cada 100 000 habitantes. En las últimas tres décadas, los asesinatos en la ciudad disminuyeron en un 90 %. Esta transformación ha sido celebrada internacionalmente como un ejemplo de gobernanza local exitosa de centros urbanos que sufren altos índices criminales. Ahora bien, este artículo sostiene que dicha recuperación -catalogada por algunos como &#8220;milagro&#8221;- no fue sólo producto de acciones exitosas del gobierno local, sino también el resultado de dos factores más: primero, la política del Estado colombiano a nivel nacional para fortalecer su aparato de seguridad y desmantelar grupos ilegales armados; y segundo, los acuerdos informales entre las autoridades y las bandas locales, así como la decisión de estas últimas de evitar confrontaciones violentas para facilitar la extracción de sus rentas ilegales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Medellín was considered the most violent city in the world during the 1990s with a homicide rate of over 370 per 100 000 inhabitants. In the last three decades, murders in the city have decreased by 90 %. This transformation has been celebrated internationally as an example of successful local governance of urban centres suffering from high crime rates. However, this article argues that this recovery - labelled by some as a &#8220;miracle&#8221; - was not only the product of successful local government actions, but also the result of two other factors: first, the Colombian state&#8217;s policy at the national level to strengthen its security apparatus and dismantle illegal armed groups; and second, the informal agreements between the authorities and local gangs, as well as the latter&#8217;s decision to avoid violent confrontations in order to facilitate the extraction of their illegal rents.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Medellín foi considerada a cidade mais violenta do mundo durante a década de 1990, com uma taxa de homicídios superior a 370 por 100 000 habitantes. Nas últimas três décadas, os assassinatos na cidade diminuíram 90 %. Esta transformação tem sido celebrada internacionalmente como um exemplo de governação local bem- sucedida de centros urbanos que sofrem de elevadas taxas de criminalidade. Ora, este artigo sustenta que esta recuperação - catalogada por alguns como um &#8220;milagre&#8221; - não foi apenas o produto de ações bem-sucedidas do governo local, mas também o resultado de mais dois fatores: primeiro, a política do Estado colombiano no a nível nacional para reforçar o seu aparelho de segurança e desmantelar grupos armados ilegais; e em segundo lugar, os acordos informais entre as autoridades e os gangues locais, bem como a decisão destes últimos de evitar confrontos violentos para facilitar a extracção das suas rendas ilegais.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Seguridad humana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[homicidio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crimen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Medellín]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[seguridad ciudadana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conflicto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[banda criminal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Human security]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[homicide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[crime]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Medellín]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[citizen security]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[conflict]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[criminal gang]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Segurança humana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[homicídio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[crime]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Medellín]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[segurança cidadã]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[conflito]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[gangue criminosa]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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