<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1794-3108</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Criminalidad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Crim.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1794-3108</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Policía Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1794-31082025000100043</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47741/17943108.650</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La politización de los liderazgos pandilleros. El caso de la Ranfla Nacional de la MS-13 (2012 - 2024)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The politicisation of gang leadership. The case of the MS-13 National Gang (2012-2024)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A politização da liderança de gangues. O caso da Ranfla Nacional da MS-13 (2012-2024)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jasso González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baltazar Landeros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edgar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de México A.C  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[CDMX ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,UNAM  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Chiapas ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>58</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1794-31082025000100043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1794-31082025000100043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1794-31082025000100043&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo analiza el proceso de politización de los miembros de la Ranfla Nacional, la estructura de liderazgo de la pandilla transnacional Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13). A partir del análisis de fuentes primarias y secundarias, la investigación busca identificar los momentos clave y las condiciones que han posibilitado la transformación de estos actores criminales en actores políticos. El análisis contrasta evidencias de las negociaciones entre el gobierno salvadoreño y las pandillas en dos periodos: durante el gobierno de Mauricio Funes (2012-2013) y durante el de Nayib Bukele (2019 y 2022). Así también los avances del proceso judicial contra los líderes pandilleros en Estados Unidos en 2023 y 2024. Teóricamente, el caso se examina a la luz de los debates sobre la relación entre el crimen organizado transnacional (COT) y los procesos de construcción estatal.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article analyses the politicisation process of the members of the Ranfla Nacional, the leadership structure of the transnational gang Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13). Based on the analysis of primary and secondary sources, the research seeks to identify the key moments and conditions that have enabled the transformation of these criminal actors into political actors. The analysis contrasts evidence of negotiations between the Salvadoran government and the gangs in two periods: during the government of Mauricio Funes (2012-2013) and during the government of Nayib Bukele (2019 and 2022). As well as the progress of the judicial process against gang leaders in the United States in 2023 and 2024. Theoretically, the case is examined in light of debates on the relationship between transnational organised crime (TOC) and state-building processes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Neste artigo, é analisado o processo de politização dos membros da Ranfla Nacional, a estrutura de liderança da gangue transnacional Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13). Com base na análise de fontes primárias e secundárias, a pesquisa busca identificar os principais momentos e condições que permitiram a transformação desses atores criminosos em atores políticos. A análise contrasta evidências de negociações entre o governo salvadorenho e as gangues em dois períodos: durante o governo de Mauricio Funes (2012-2013) e durante o governo de Nayib Bukele (2019 e 2022), além de examinar o andamento do processo judicial contra os líderes das gangues nos Estados Unidos em 2023 e 2024. Teoricamente, o caso é analisado à luz dos debates sobre a relação entre o crime organizado transnacional e os processos de construção do Estado.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pandillas trasnacionales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[negociación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crimen organizado trasnacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[actores criminales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Transnational gangs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[negotiation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[transnational organised crime]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[criminal actors]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[state]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Gangues transnacionais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[negociação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[crime organizado transnacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[atores criminais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Estado]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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