<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1794-3108</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Criminalidad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Crim.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1794-3108</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Policía Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1794-31082025000100059</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47741/17943108.637</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Homicidios sin fronteras: la transnacionalidad subnacional del narcotráfico en Ecuador y Colombia (2015 - 2022)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Homicides without borders: the subnational transnationality of drug trafficking in Ecuador and Colombia (2015-2022)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Homicídios sem fronteiras: a transnacionalidade subnacional do tráfico de drogas no Equador e na Colômbia (2015-2022)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pino-Uribe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Federico]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jaramillo Ramón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piedrahita-Bustamante]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales - Flacso  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales FLACSO  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Tecnológico de Antioquia - TdeA  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Medellín ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>59</fpage>
<lpage>77</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1794-31082025000100059&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1794-31082025000100059&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1794-31082025000100059&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo explora los patrones subnacionales del crimen organizado transnacional relacionados con el narcotráfico y la violencia homicida entre el sur de Colombia y Ecuador durante el periodo 2015-2022. Utilizando modelos de regresión de efectos aleatorios y de doble efecto fijo, se analiza cómo la expansión del narcotráfico, medida por las incautaciones de drogas, influye en el aumento de la violencia homicida en 29 unidades territoriales. Los resultados revelan que el narcotráfico sigue un patrón de transnacionalidad subnacional, concentrando la violencia en áreas ecuatorianas, como Esmeraldas, Manabí, Guayas y El Oro, rutas del tráfico de drogas. Estas regiones, con infraestructura portuaria y proximidad relativa a Colombia, son puntos críticos donde las disputas territoriales entre bandas criminales se intensifican, exacerbando la violencia homicida. La investigación demuestra que las dinámicas del crimen transnacional generan una expansión desigual de la violencia a nivel subnacional, relacionada con la geografía y las rutas del narcotráfico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This paper explores subnational patterns of transnational organised crime related to drug trafficking and homicidal violence between southern Colombia and Ecuador over the period 2015-2022. Using random-effects and double fixed-effects regression models, we analyse how the expansion of drug trafficking, as measured by drug seizures, influences the increase in homicidal violence in 29 territorial units. The results reveal that drug trafficking follows a pattern of subnational transnationality, concentrating violence in Ecuadorian areas such as Esmeraldas, Manabi, Guayas and El Oro, which are drug trafficking routes. These regions, with their port infrastructure and relative proximity to Colombia, are critical points where territorial disputes between criminal gangs intensify, exacerbating homicidal violence. The research demonstrates that ransnational crime dynamics generate an uneven expansion of violence at the subnational level, related to geography and drug trafficking routes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Neste artigo, são explorados os padrões subnacionais do crime organizado transnacional relacionados ao tráfico de drogas e à violência homicida entre o sul da Colombia e o Ecuador de 2015 a 2022. A partir da adoção de modelos de regressão de efeitos aleatórios e de efeitos fixos duplos, analisamos como a expansão do tráfico de drogas, medida pelas apreensões de drogas, influencia o aumento da violência homicida em 29 unidades territoriais. Os resultados indicam que o tráfico de drogas segue um padrão de transnacionalidade subnacional, concentrando a violência em áreas equatorianas como Esmeraldas, Manabi, Guayas e El Oro, que são rotas do tráfico de drogas. Essas regiões, com sua infraestrutura portuária e relativa proximidade com a Colombia, são pontos críticos onde as disputas territoriais entre gangues criminosas se intensificam, exacerbando a violência homicida. A pesquisa demonstra que a dinâmica do crime transnacional gera uma expansão desigual da violência em nível subnacional, relacionada à geografia e às rotas do tráfico de drogas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Narcotráfico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crimen organizado transnacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia homicida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[transnacionalidad subnacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[frontera Colombia-Ecuador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Drug trafficking]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[transnational organised crime]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[homicidal violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[subnational transnationality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Colombia-Ecuador border]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Tráfico de drogas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[crime organizado transnacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[violência homicida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[transnacionalidade subnacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[fronteira Colômbia-Equador]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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