<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1794-3108</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Criminalidad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Crim.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1794-3108</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Policía Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1794-31082025000100129</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47741/17943108.634</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La pluralidad de facciones armadas contra el paradigma bélico: una propuesta de marco interpretativo de la delincuencia organizada en México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The plurality of armed factions versus the war paradigm: a proposed interpretative framework for organised crime in México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A pluralidade de facções armadas versus o paradigma da guerra: uma proposta para uma estrutura interpretativa do crime organizado no México]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,El Colegio de la Frontera Norte  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Matamoros Tamaulipas]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>129</fpage>
<lpage>145</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1794-31082025000100129&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1794-31082025000100129&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1794-31082025000100129&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este artículo de reflexión, se propone un marco interpretativo para entender la naturaleza de actores no estatales parte de la violencia colectiva en México. A partir de una revisión doctrinal de la literatura a nivel jurídico penal internacional y en lo relativo a las leyes de la guerra, así como sobre la violencia colectiva en el país, fuentes hemerográficas y la experiencia personal en lugares como Jalisco, Tamaulipas o Guerrero, se responde negativamente al interrogante sobre si en el país actualmente hay uno o más conflictos armados no internacionales (CANI). Posteriormente, se explica la hipótesis principal de este artículo, la de que en México hay una multiplicidad de facciones armadas, consustancialmente plurales en el modo de presentarse (pluralidad de marcas delincuenciales), la organización interna y los vínculos con otras instituciones (oficiales como fuerzas de seguridad o no oficiales como cacicazgos). Esto genera situaciones irreductibles desde el derecho internacional humanitario (DIH), aunque cuantitativamente puedan existir analogías entre un contexto bélico y otras situaciones de violencia colectiva. Tras establecer la idea de facción armada y la modulación de sus vínculos estatales como partes de ese marco interpretativo para México, se recapitula lo expuesto y se concluye la posibilidad de combinar análisis distintos de la facción armada.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This reflective article proposes an interpretative framework for understanding the nature of non-state actors as part of collective violence in Mexico. Based on a doctrinal review of the literature on international criminal law and the laws of war, as well as on collective violence in the country, newspaper sources and personal experience in places such as Jalisco, Tamaulipas and Guerrero, a negative answer is given to the question of whether Mexico currently has one or more non-international armed conflicts (CANI). Subsequently, the main hypothesis of this article is explained, namely that in Mexico there is a multiplicity of armed factions, which are inherently plural in the way they present themselves (plurality of criminal brands), their internal organisation and their links with other situations that are irreducible under international humanitarian law (IHL), although quantitatively there may be analogies between a war context and other situations of collective violence. After establishing the idea of armed faction and the modulation of its state links as part of this interpretative framework for Mexico, this paper recapitulates the above and concludes on the possibility of combining different analyses of armed faction.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Este artigo de reflexão propõe uma estrutura interpretativa para compreender a natureza dos atores não estatais como parte da violência coletiva no México. Com base em uma revisão doutrinária da literatura sobre direito penal internacional e leis da guerra e violência coletiva no país, bem como em fontes de jornais e experiência pessoal em lugares como Jalisco, Tamaulipas e Guerrero, é dada uma resposta negativa à pergunta se o México tem atualmente um ou mais conflitos armados não internacionais (CANI). Em seguida, argumenta-se que, no México, há uma multiplicidade de facções armadas, que são inerentemente plurais na forma como se apresentam (pluralidade de marcas criminosas), em sua organização interna e em seus vínculos com outras instituições (oficiais, como as forças de segurança, ou não oficiais, como os cacicados). Isso gera situações que são irredutíveis ao Direito Internacional Humanitário (DIH), embora quantitativamente possa haver analogias entre um contexto de guerra e outras situações de violência coletiva. Depois de estabelecer a ideia de facção armada e a modulação de seus vínculos com o Estado como parte dessa estrutura interpretativa para o México, apresenta-se uma conclusão sobre a possibilidade de combinar diferentes análises de facção armada.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Delincuencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[derecho internacional humanitario]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[guerra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[violencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Crime]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[international humanitarian law]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[war]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[violence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Crime]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[direito internacional humanitário]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[guerra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[violência]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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