<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1794-6190</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Earth Sciences Research Journal]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Earth Sci. Res. J.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1794-6190</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1794-61902019000100005</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15446/esrj.v23n1.69760</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hydraulic fracturing considerations: Insights from analogue models, and its viability in Colombia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Consideraciones del Fracturamiento hidráulico: a partir de modelos análogos y su viabilidad en Colombia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dilan A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giovanny]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Industrial de Santander  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Grupo de Investigación en Geología Básica y Aplicada (GIGBA)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Energy and Other Non Renewable Resources Research Group (EONr3g)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1794-61902019000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1794-61902019000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1794-61902019000100005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT Hydraulic Fracturing, known like Fracking, is being considered around the world as a potential method in the hydrocarbons extraction given the increase of production in USA and Canada during the last years with its implementation. The most criticized feature of the technique of hydraulic fracturing is the contamination of underground waters by fluids connected through the generated and/or pre-existing fractures. This work evaluates the viability of hydraulic fracturing in Colombian territory based in the study of the analogue models, considering the elastic properties of the reservoir rocks using gelatin, sand and clay that apply scaled pressure (lithostatic pressure to scale). The gelatin is used to simulate the source and reservoir zone, the clay will simulate one seal and the sand will simulate reservoir rocks of underground water. As a result seven different models were generated. There were simulated as 1) the anisotropy presence, 2) the rock seal presence, and 3) the injection groove of fluids in the pipeline. The completed models show that the required distance between the unconventional reservoir and underground waters to avoid contamination by fluids is ~200 m, also between the hydraulic fracturing point and the faults that connect with the shallows area is ~350 m, and it is suggested to study in detail the permeability of both: nearby faults and the rock seal. Two Colombian basins (Middle Magdalena Valley and Llanos) were taken as the main base to analyze the assessment of hydraulic fracturing according to the previously mentioned results, concluding that it is viable particularly in areas like Llanos Basin and with some precautions in similar zones to Middle Magdalena Valley Basin.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN La técnica del fracking a nivel mundial está siendo considerada como un método efectivo en la extracción de hidrocarburos teniendo en cuenta que paises como Estados unidos y Canada incrementaron la producción de hidrocarburos al implementar esta técnica. La principal crítica a la técnica del fracking es la contaminación de acuíferos por fluidos conectados a través de las fracturas generadas y/o pre existentes. En el presente trabajo se evalúa la viabilidad del fracking en el territorio colombiano con base en el estudio de modelos análogos, considerando las propiedades elásticas de la roca usando gelatina, arena y arcilla, simulando presiones o cargas escaladas (litostática, a escala). La gelatina es utilizada para simular la zona fuente y reservorio, la arcilla para simular sellos y la arena para simular zonas de acuíferos. En total se generaron 7 modelos diferentes, donde se simuló 1) la presencia de anisotropías pre existentes, 2) la presencia de roca sello y 3) ranuras de inyección de fluido en la tubería. Los modelos realizados muestran que la distancia requerida entre el reservorio no convencional y los acuíferos para evitar la contaminación por fluidos es de ~200 m, entre el punto de fracturamiento hidráulico y las fallas que conectan de una manera u otra con la superficie es de ~350 m, y se sugiere estudiar de manera detallada la permeabilidad tanto de las fallas cercanas como de la roca sello. Dos cuencas colombianas (Valle Medio del Magdalena y Llanos) se tomaron como base para analizar la viabilidad de la técnica del fracking según los resultados mencionados anteriormente, concluyendo que es viable especialmente en áreas como las de los Llanos y tomando algunas precauciones en zonas similares a las del Valle Medio del Magdalena.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Analogue Models]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hydraulic Fracturing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Aquifer]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Modelos análogos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fracking]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Acuíferos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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