<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1900-5407</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Antipoda. Revista de Antropología y Arqueología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Antipod. Rev. Antropol. Arqueol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1900-5407</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1900-54072021000200051</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7440/antipoda43.2021.03</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Desarrollo de la informalidad y prácticas alternativas en la comunidad peruana de Paterson, Nueva Jersey]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Developing Informality and Alternative Practices in the Peruvian Community of Paterson, New Jersey]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Desenvolvimento da informalidade e de práticas alternativas na comunidade peruana de Paterson, Nova Jersey]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muschi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gianncarlo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,The National Coalition of Independent Scholars (NCIS)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Estados Unidos</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>43</numero>
<fpage>51</fpage>
<lpage>73</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1900-54072021000200051&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1900-54072021000200051&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1900-54072021000200051&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: este artículo examina las prácticas utilizadas por los migrantes peruanos para formar sus propias organizaciones en Paterson, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos. Con el objetivo de recuperar la experiencia comunitaria de estos migrantes, se utilizó una metodología cualitativa que incluyó el análisis de fuentes escritas obtenidas en los archivos del consulado peruano de Nueva Jersey y en bibliotecas del área. Asimismo, se examinaron historias orales de migrantes peruanos e información recabada a través del material periodístico brindado por miembros de la comunidad. La primera sección del artículo revela que los migrantes peruanos, al no contar con instituciones previamente establecidas ni asistencia del gobierno local, utilizaron la informalidad y otras prácticas alternativas de organización social para crear sus propias asociaciones. Estos migrantes, además, hicieron uso de la identidad nacional, las redes sociales y las normas andinas de asistencia colectiva para organizarse en el nuevo contexto. La segunda sección muestra que los empresarios peruanos cumplieron un rol central para que estas iniciativas de organización colectiva se concretaran y formalizaran. Estos comerciantes financiaron económicamente y lideraron varias iniciativas colectivas de organización. Finalmente, se evidencia que muchos comerciantes y líderes comunitarios se valieron del clientelismo para adquirir poder económico y político, lo cual les ha servido para continuar formando asociaciones y organizando eventos públicos para visibilizar a la comunidad. Se concluye que, en las diferentes oleadas migratorias, los peruanos han mostrado una predisposición al uso de la informalidad como recurso para organizarse colectivamente en el país receptor. Este artículo contribuye a los estudios de comunidades latinas en los Estados Unidos ofreciendo una perspectiva analítica de las dinámicas socioeconómicas que grupos de migrantes más recientes transfieren del país de origen para facilitar su integración al nuevo contexto.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: This article examines the practices adopted by Peruvian migrants to form their own organizations in Paterson, New Jersey, United States. To recover the communal experience of these migrants, we employed a qualitative methodology that included the analysis of written sources obtained from the archives of the Peruvian consulate in New Jersey and libraries in the area. We also reviewed oral histories of Peruvian migrants and information gathered through journalistic material provided by members of the community. The first section of the article reveals that Peruvian migrants, lacking previously established institutions and local government assistance, used informality and other alternative practices of social organization to create their own associations. These migrants also made use of national identity, social networks and Andean norms of collective assistance to organize themselves into their new context. The second section shows that Peruvian businessmen played a central role in bringing these collective organizing initiatives to fruition and formalizing them. These traders financed and led several collective organization initiatives. Finally, we find that many merchants and community leaders used clientelism to acquire economic and political power, which has helped them to continue forming associations and organizing public events to make the community more prominent. We conclude that, in the different waves of migration, Peruvians have shown a predisposition to use informality as a resource to organize themselves collectively in the receiving country. This article contributes to studies concerning Latino communities in the United States by offering an analytical perspective on the socioeconomic dynamics that more recent migrant groups transfer from their country of origin in order to adapt to the new context.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo: neste artigo, são examinadas as práticas utilizadas pelos migrantes peruanos para formar suas organizações em Paterson, Nova Jersey, Estados Unidos. Com o objetivo de recuperar a experiência comunitária desses migrantes, foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa que incluiu a análise de fontes escritas obtidas nos arquivos do consulado peruano de Nova Jersey e em bibliotecas da área. Além disso, são analisadas histórias orais de migrantes peruanos e informações coletadas por meio do material jornalístico oferecido por membros da comunidade. Na primeira seção do artigo, revela-se que os migrantes peruanos, ao não contarem com instituições previamente estabelecidas nem assistência do governo local, utilizaram a informalidade e outras práticas alternativas de organização social para criar suas associações. Esses migrantes, ainda, fizeram uso da identidade nacional, das redes sociais e das leis andinas de assistência coletiva para se organizarem no novo contexto. A segunda seção mostra que os empresários peruanos cumpriram um papel central para que essas iniciativas de organização coletiva se concretizassem e formalizassem. Esses comerciantes financiaram economicamente e lideraram várias iniciativas coletivas de organização. Por último, é evidenciado que muitos comerciantes e líderes comunitários se aproveitaram do clientelismo para adquirir poder econômico e político, o que lhes serviu para continuarem formando associações e organizando eventos públicos para visibilizar a comunidade. Conclui-se que, nas diferentes ondas migratórias, os peruanos mostraram uma predisposição ao uso da informalidade como recurso de organização coletiva no país receptor. Este artigo contribui para os estudos de comunidades latinas nos Estados Unidos, oferecendo uma perspectiva analítica das dinâmicas socioeconômicas que grupos de migrantes mais recentes transferem do país de origem para facilitar sua integração ao novo contexto.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[informalidad laboral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[migración peruana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Perú]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[peruanos en Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[redes sociales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Labor informality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Peru]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Peruvian migration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Peruvians in the United States]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[social networks]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[informalidade no trabalho]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[migração peruana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Peru]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[peruanos nos Estados Unidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[redes sociais]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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