<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1900-6586</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Científica General José María Córdova]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Cient. Gen. José María Córdova]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1900-6586</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escuela Militar de Cadetes "General José María Córdova"]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1900-65862023000400966</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21830/19006586.1159</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La inmunidad soberana y el caso de los Estados Unidos versus Noriega]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Sovereign immunity and the case of the United States v. Noriega]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chávez Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yovani Edgar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Istmo de Panamá  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Panamá</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>44</numero>
<fpage>966</fpage>
<lpage>986</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1900-65862023000400966&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1900-65862023000400966&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1900-65862023000400966&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen. La inmunidad soberana es una doctrina internacional según la cual ni un soberano ni un Estado pueden ser demandados por tribunales judiciales extranjeros. Los Estados Unidos regulan esta figura jurídica a través de la Ley de Inmunidades Soberanas Extranjeras de 1976. Dicha regulación, sin embargo, no define la inmunidad soberana de jefes de Estado. Por eso, el caso de los Estados Unidos contra Noriega resulta de gran interés, pues fue la primera vez que los tribunales judiciales de un país juzgaron a un jefe de Estado de otro país. En este caso, los tribunales cometieron un error al no solicitarle al órgano ejecutivo una aclaración oficial para definir el estatus de jefe de Estado del General Noriega. En ese sentido, la decisión no se apegó al estricto derecho y se basó en motivaciones políticas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract. Sovereign immunity is an international doctrine according to which neither a sovereign nor a state can be sued by foreign courts. The United States regulates this legal figure through the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976. Said regulation, however, does not define the sovereign immunity of heads of state. For this reason, the case of the United States v. Noriega is of great interest, since it was the first time that the courts of one country tried a head of state of another country. In this case, the courts made a mistake by not asking the executive branch for official clarification to define General Noriegas status as head of state. In that sense, the decision did not adhere to strict law and was based on political motivations.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[derecho internacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[General Noriega]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[General Torrijos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inmunidad soberana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[jefe de Estado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[soberanía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[General Noriega]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[General Torrijos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[head of state]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[international law]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sovereign immunity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sovereignty]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almanza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tejada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velásquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murria]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berguido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Informe Final de la Comisión de la Verdad]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Defensoría del Pueblo de Panamá]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Asamblea Nacional de Representantes de Corregimientos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Resolución 10/11]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Charter schools, EMOs, and sovereign immunity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[North Carolina Law Review]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>99</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>753-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Biblia del Oso</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Casiodoro de Reina]]></source>
<year>1569</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brady]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Protecting the throne: The Third Circuits decision to preserve sovereign immunity in Gentile v. SEC]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Iowa Law Review]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>783-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Candanedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las elecciones generales de 1984 como vehículo de docencia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Estrella de Panamá]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cantanzaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What is absolute immunity? Law Offices of Mark W]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Catanzaro]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Don&#8217;t &#8220;estop&#8221; me now: Estoppel, government contract law, and sovereign immunity if Congress retroactively repeals public service loan forgiveness]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lewis &amp; Clark Law Review]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>153-217</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Constitución de la República de Panamá</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Asamblea Nacional Constituyente]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Constitution Annotated</collab>
<source><![CDATA[ArtII.S2.C2.1.10 Breach and termination of treaties [anotaciones al artículo]]]></source>
<year>s.f.</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Constitution Annotated: Analysis and interpretation of the U.S. Constitution]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[103D Congress. 1st Session. H. Con. Res. 2. U.S. Congress]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crocker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reconsidering section 1983&#8217;s nonabrogation of sovereign immunity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Florida Law Review]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>323-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crocker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Qualified immunity, sovereign immunity, and systemic reform]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Daw Law Journal]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1701-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia (DNI)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Assessing the Saudi Governments role in the killing of Jamal Khashoggi]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Office of the Director of National Intelligence]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engelberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bush and Noriega: Examination of their ties]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The New York Times]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Ex parte Young</collab>
<source><![CDATA[209 U.S. 123]]></source>
<year>1908</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Federal Republic of Germany v. Philipp</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ballotpedia]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Federal Republic of Germany v. Philipp</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Federal Republic of Germany v. Philipp. Comment on 141 S. Ct. 703 (2021)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Harvard Law Review]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>735</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>441-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Golpe Militar de 1968]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Panamá América]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Fischer v. Magyar Államvasutak Zrt</collab>
<source><![CDATA[FindLaw]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gandásegui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Democracia, intervención y elecciones: Panamá 1989]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Sociología]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>371-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerstenzang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Noriega Flees; Reward posted: 15 Gis killed as U.S. Forces topple Panama Regime]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Los Angeles Times]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guardia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Así fue el golpe de Estado de 1968]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[La Estrella de Panamá]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guardia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gobernar en tiempos de crisis]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[La Estrella de Panamá]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gujrati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The doctrine of sovereign immunity - An analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Jus Corpus Law Journal]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>238-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamilton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The appointing power continued and other powers of the executive considered]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Federalist]]></source>
<year>1788</year>
<volume>77</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Extraterritorial jurisdiction and sovereign immunity on trial: Noriega, Pinochet, And Milosevic - Trends in political accountability and transnational criminal law]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Boston College International &amp; Comparative Law Review]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>125-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Díaz Herrera se refiere al &#8220;Gargantazo&#8221; de Royo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Crítica de Panamá]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<month>a</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Noriega se refugia en la nunciatura el 24 de diciembre de 1989]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Crítica de Panamá]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<month>b</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Hilao v. Estate of Marcos</collab>
<source><![CDATA[25 F.3d 1467. Case Law Access Project (Harvard Law School)]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hughes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rex Non Potest Peccare: The unsettled state of sovereign immunity and constitutional torts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Drake Law Review]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>949-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kirchgaessner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biden administration says Mohammed bin Salman should be granted sovereign immunity in Khashoggi civil case]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Guardian]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kondrashov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sovereign immunity from execution (in enforcement)]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Jus Mundi]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Lafontant v. Aristide</collab>
<source><![CDATA[844 F. Supp. 128.]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Legal Information Institute</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Qualified immunity. Cornell Law School]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The scope of sovereign criminal immunity: Instrumentalities under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Columbia Journal of Transnational Law]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mallory]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Resolving the confusion over head of state immunity: The defined rights of kings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Columbia Law Review]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>86</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>169-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[United States v. Manuel Noriega: Never before, never again]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Bar Association]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>13-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Brewing disharmony: Addressing tribal sovereign immunity claims in bankruptcy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Bankruptcy Law Journal]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>145-iv</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazzucco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inmunidad soberana: jurisdicción y ejecución aplicación a Estados y sus entidades]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Derecho]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>177-201</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Oxford Reference</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Par in parem non habet imperium]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Manuel Antonio Noriega acumulaba 60 años en condenas por homicidio y asociación ilícita]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[La Prensa de Panama]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Panama Canal Treaties</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The University of Florida Digital Collections; U.S. Department of State]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pichirallo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Indictments depict Noriega as drug-trafficking kingpin]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Washington Post]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plescia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Judicial accountability and immunity in Roman law]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Legal History]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>51-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Republic of Austria v. Altmann</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Republic of Austria v. Altmann. Oyez]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Republic of Hungary v. Simon</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Ballotpedia]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ridding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A troubled dictator]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The New York Times]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandoval]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Maduro cancela participación de Venezuela en la cumbre de la CELAC por posible &#8220;ataque&#8221;]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Anadolu Agency]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schultz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sovereign immunity and the two tiers of Article III.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[George Mason Law Review]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>287-374</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Senon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Noriega indicted by U.S. for links to illegal drugs]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The New York Times]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shahi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Case brief: The schooner exchange Vs. M&#8217;Faddon]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Legal Lock]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sherman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An inquiry regarding the international and domestic legal problems presented in United States V. Noriega]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>393-428</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shiyab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The impact of social media on the rights of the accused in Jordan: Does public opinion matter?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bubbles over barriers: Amending the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act for cyber accountability]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of National Security Law &amp; Policy]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>659-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>The Harvard Law Review Association</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Separation of powers. Head-of-State Immunity. Eleventh Circuit holds that the executive branch&#8217;s capture of Noriega exempts him from head-of-state immunity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Harvard Law Review]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>111</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>849-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The Tampa Bay Times</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Noriega hit with civil suit from Panama]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Congress</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Constitution Annotated: Analysis and interpretation of the U.S. Constitution]]></source>
<year>1791</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>U.S. Congress</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America (Amendment XI)]]></source>
<year>1794</year>
<month>a</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[U.S. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Government Publishing Office]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Congress</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Eleventh Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Constitution Anotated]]></source>
<year>1794</year>
<month>b</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Department of Justice</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nicolas Maduro Moros and 14 current and former Venezuelan officials charged with narco-terrorism., corruption, drug trafficking and other criminal charges]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>U.S. Department of State</collab>
<source><![CDATA[561. Telegram 4843 from the Embassy in Panama to the Department of State]]></source>
<year>1972</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Office of the Historian]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>U.S. Department of State</collab>
<source><![CDATA[85. Memorandum of conversation]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Office of the Historian]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>U.S. Department of State</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nicolás Maduro Moros - New target]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>U.S. v. Pangang Group Co</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Criminal law - Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act - Ninth Circuit holds that certain Chinese state-owned companies are not foreign &#8220;instrumentalities&#8221; and thus lack immunity under the FSIA from criminal prosecution - United States v. Pangang Group Co]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Harvard Law Review]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>735</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1680-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>United States v. Noriega</collab>
<source><![CDATA[ICRC]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>United States v. Noriega</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Manuel Antonio Noriega, Defendant-Appellant]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FindLaw]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<numero>92-4687</numero>
<issue>92-4687</issue>
<page-range>96-4471</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wadhwa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Panamanians demand justice for the victims of the 1989 US invasion]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Peoples Dispatch]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yelin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Head of state immunity as sole executive lawmaking]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law Manuscript]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>911-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The dilemma of applying state sovereign immunity in inter partes review proceedings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Federal Circuit Bar Journal]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>41-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
