<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1900-6586</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Científica General José María Córdova]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Cient. Gen. José María Córdova]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1900-6586</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escuela Militar de Cadetes "General José María Córdova"]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1900-65862025000300706</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21830/19006586.1511</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Comercio ilícito de minerales: ecosistemas criminales en el Amazonas colombo-venezolano]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Illicit mineral trade: criminal ecosystems in the Colombian-Venezuelan Amazon]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isaza Quebrada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Páez Murillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Augusto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas-Guevara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge Ulises]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villaizón Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erika]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Externado de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Militar de Cadetes "General José María Córdova"  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundación Universitaria Agraria de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Externado de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>51</numero>
<fpage>706</fpage>
<lpage>730</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1900-65862025000300706&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1900-65862025000300706&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1900-65862025000300706&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN. Este artículo desarrolla un estudio de caso sobre el comercio ilícito de minerales en el Amazonas colombo-venezolano, en relación con las estrategias de la actual Política de Seguridad, Defensa y Convivencia Ciudadana (2022-2026). Esta investigación caracteriza el funcionamiento, la capacidad de mutación del delito y la movilidad de la delincuencia en la Amazonia colombo-venezolana. Se aplicó la teoría de los ecosistemas criminales en los ámbitos de la seguridad transfronteriza, urbana y rural. Se hizo un análisis documental y contextual, así como un trabajo con expertos y una encuesta. Los resultados indican inoperabilidad interfuerzas, inexistencia de planes integrales de seguridad ciudadana, convivencia y justicia, y desconexión política con Venezuela. En conclusión, son prioritarios los cambios en la política de seguridad y defensa para enfrentar estos ecosistemas criminales, en especial las redes asociadas a la corrupción, el contrabando de combustible, los delitos fiscales y el lavado de activos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT. This article presents a case study of the illicit mineral trade in the Colombian-Venezuelan Amazon, in relation to the strategies of the current Security, Defense, and Citizen Coexistence Policy (2022- 2026). This research characterizes the functioning, the capacity for crime to mutate, and the mobility of crime in the Colombian-Venezuelan Amazon. The theory of criminal ecosystems has been applied to areas including cross-border, urban, and rural security. A documentary and contextual analysis were conducted, along with expert collaboration and a survey. The results indicate inter-force inoperability, the lack of comprehensive citizen security, coexistence, and justice plans, as well as a political disconnect with Venezuela. In conclusion, changes in security and defense policy are a priority to address these criminal ecosystems, especially those associated with corruption, fuel smuggling, tax crimes, and money laundering.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Amazonas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[comercio ilícito]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[criminalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[economías criminales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[minería ilegal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Amazon]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[crime]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[criminal economies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[illegal mining]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[illicit trade]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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