<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2011-0324</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[CS]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[CS]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2011-0324</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Icesi]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2011-03242022000400173</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18046/recs.iespecial.4939</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Desigualdades en el mercado laboral urbano-rural en Colombia, 2010-2019]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Rural-Urban Inequality in the Labor Market in Colombia, 2010-2019]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otero-Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acosta-Ariza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edson]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Banco de la República  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Banco de la República  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>spe1</numero>
<fpage>173</fpage>
<lpage>219</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2011-03242022000400173&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2011-03242022000400173&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2011-03242022000400173&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La desigualdad en Colombia ha sido ampliamente documentada desde distintas ópticas, pero poco se sabe sobre las desigualdades en el contexto urbano-rural. Este trabajo estudia la desigualdad urbano-rural en el mercado laboral mediante el uso de una descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca para los ingresos laborales y una caracterización de los mercados laborales rurales y urbanos. Encontramos que cerca del 60 % de la brecha en ingresos laborales se explica por factores observados de los trabajadores como el nivel educativo y edad; el restante 40 % se debe a características no observadas, como preferencias de los empleadores, habilidad de los trabajadores, etc. Identificamos tres condiciones del mercado laboral rural que explican y promueven la brecha en ingresos laborales urbano-rural: i) baja participación laboral femenina y altas tasas de desempleo en comparación con sus contrapartes urbanas; ii) informalidad laboral significativamente más alta que en las zonas urbanas; y iii) mayor incidencia del trabajo infantil.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The inequality in Colombia has been widely documented from different perspectives, but little is known about inequalities in the urban-rural context. This paper studies urban-rural inequality in the labor market using a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for labor income and characterization of rural and urban labor markets. We find that about 60 % of the urban-rural earnings gap is explained by observed worker factors such as educational level and age; the remaining 40 % is due to unobserved characteristics such as employer preferences, worker&#8217;s ability, etc. We identify three rural labor market conditions that explain and promote the urban-rural labor income gap: i) low female labor participation and high unemployment rates compared to their urban counterparts; ii) significantly higher labor informality that in urban areas; and iii) high incidence of child labor.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desigualdad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mercado laboral rural]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[informalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ingresos laborales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trabajo infantil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Inequality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Rural Labor Markets]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Informality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Labor Income]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Child Labor]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Olga Lucía]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forero-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nohora]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Renata]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Sistema de protección social de Colombia, avances y desafíos]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cepal]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashenfelter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Orley]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krueger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimates of the Economic Return to Schooling from a New Sample of Twins]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>84</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1157-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gary]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education]]></source>
<year>1964</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Bureau of Economic Research]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blinder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Wage Discrimination: Reduced form and Structural Estimates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Human Resources]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>436-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonilla-Mejía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Dimensión regional de las desigualdades en Colombia]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Banco de la República]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Botiva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Alejandra]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Gaps in Rural Social Protection in Colombia: A History of Traps and Disconnections]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos-Vázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raymundo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Calva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lustig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nora]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Declining Wages for College-Educated Workers in Mexico: Are Younger or Older Cohorts Hurt the Most?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Bank Policy Research Working Paper]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>7546</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Card]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Card]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashenfelter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Orley]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Handbook of Labor Economics]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Card]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimating the Return to Schooling: Progress on Some Persistent Econometric Problems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Econometrica]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1127-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cepeda-Emiliani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cardona-Sosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lina]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La brecha salarial de género entre los universitarios recién titulados. ¿Qué tanto influye el tipo de carrera universitaria?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[El trimestre económico]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>322</numero>
<issue>322</issue>
<page-range>441-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Lima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cicero]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edward]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mariano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisca]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Justo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wellington]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caravalho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Migration of Labor: Differential of Income Between Rural and Urban Trade Union Workers in Brazil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Economic Studies]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>939-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística - DANE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares - Microdatos-GEIH]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística - DANE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín Técnico Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH)]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[DANE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística - DANE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín Técnico Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH)]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<month>a</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[DANE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística - DANE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Encuesta de Calidad de Vida - Anexo pobreza multidimensional]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<month>b</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística - DANE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares - Microdatos-GEIH]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<month>c</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística - DANE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares - Anexo mercado laboral-módulo de trabajo infantil 2020]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>a</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística - DANE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares - Anexo pobreza monetaria y pobreza monetaria extrema]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<month>b</month>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística - DANE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares - Anexo mercado laboral abril 2021]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Departamento Nacional de Planeación - DNP</collab>
<source><![CDATA[El campo colombiano: un camino hacia el bienestar y la paz. misión para la transformación del campo]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<month>a</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[DNP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Departamento Nacional de Planeación - DNP</collab>
<source><![CDATA[La protección social de la población rural. Misión para la transformación del campo]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<month>b</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[DNP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Departamento Nacional de Planeación - DNP</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Pobreza multidimensional y pobreza monetaria. Análisis 2010-2017]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[DNP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duflo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Esther]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of School Construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an Unusual Policy Experiment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>795-813</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Fedesarrollo</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe mensual de mercado laboral]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibáñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ximena]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Adjusting the Labor Supply to Mitigate Violent Shocks: Evidence from Rural Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Development Studies]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sergio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Firpo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Messina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julián]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Labor market experience and falling earnings inequality in Brazil: 1995-2012]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The World Bank Economic Review]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>37-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galvis-Aponte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonet-Morón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonilla-Mejía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otero-Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Valbuena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerson]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Posso-Suárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ricciulli-Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desigualdades del ingreso en Colombia: ¿cuáles son sus determinantes y cómo se han afectado por la pandemia del covid-19?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ensayos Sobre Política Económica]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<page-range>1-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Claudia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[NBER Working Paper]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>4707</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Himes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Douglas]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Men&#8217;s Declining Labor Force Participation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holzmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Old-age income support in the 21st century: An international perspective on pension systems and reform]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iregui-Bohórquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana María]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Giraldo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Tereza]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tribín-Uribe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Domestic Violence Against Rural Women in Colombia: The Role of Labor Income]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Feminist Economics]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>146-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lehmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hartmunt]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaiceva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anzelika]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Re-defining Informal Employment and Measuring its Determinants: Evidence from Russia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of International Development]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>464-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leibovich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nigrinis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Caracterización del mercado laboral rural en Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Borradores de economía]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>408</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lustig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nora]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Calva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz-Juárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Celesting]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Deconstructing the Decline in Inequality in Latin America]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kaushik]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stiglitz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joseph]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Inequality and Growth: Patterns and Policy]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<page-range>212-47</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Blaise]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Descomposition of Differences in Distribution Using Quantile Regression]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Labour Economics]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>577-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Merchán-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[César]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sector rural colombiano: dinámica laboral y opciones de afiliación a la seguridad social]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Coyuntura Económica]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>XLV</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>137-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michaelsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maren]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haisken-DeNew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Migration Magnet: The Role of Work Experience in Rural-Urban Wage Differentials]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IZA Journal of Migration]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe de Rendición Pública de Cuentas, Gestión 2013 - 2014]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Ministerio del Trabajo</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Plan Progresivo de Protección Social y de Garantía de Derechos de los Trabajadores Rurales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ministerio de trabajo]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oaxaca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ronald]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Economic Review]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>693-709</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Oficina del Alto Comisionado para la Paz</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Instalación de la mesa de conversaciones, inicio de los ciclos de conversación del punto 1. Tomo 2. Hacia un Nuevo Campo Colombiano: Reforma Rural integral]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biblioteca del Proceso de Paz con las FARC-EP]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización Internacional del Trabajo - OIT</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Decent Work Indicators. Guidelines for Producers and Users of Statistical and Legal Framework Indicators]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OIT]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Organización Internacional del Trabajo - OIT</collab>
<source><![CDATA[World Employment and Social Outlook]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[OIT]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Organización Internacional del Trabajo-OIT</collab>
<source><![CDATA[ILOSTAT Database 2019]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Otero-Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Essays on Labor Informality in Developing Countries]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chapel Hill ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The University of North Carolina]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Penagos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ángela]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tobón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quesada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Camilo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pirela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heilbron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Análisis integral de la política de desarrollo agropecuario en Colombia, con base en sus resultados y la eficiencia del gasto]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Posso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christian]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Desigualdad salarial en Colombia 1984-2005: cambios en la composición del mercado laboral y retornos a la educación postsecundaria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<page-range>65-113</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Psacharopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patrinos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Harry Anthony]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Returns to Investment in Education: A Decennial Review of the Global Literature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Education Economics]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>445-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Resolución 3597 de 2013</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[por la cual se señalan y actualizan las actividades consideradas como peores formas de trabajo infantil y se establece la clasificación de actividades peligrosas y condiciones de trabajo nocivas para la salud e integridad física o psicológica de las personas menores de 18 años de edad. Ministerio de Trabajo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<numero>48 953</numero>
<issue>48 953</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Pose]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilkie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Callum]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revamping Local and Regional Development Through Place-Based Strategies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cityscape]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>151-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Russo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Letícia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parré]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexandre]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diferencial de Rendimento entre trabalhadores rurais e urbanos: uma análise para o Brasil e suas regiões]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 44Encontro Nacional de Economia]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Iguaçu, Brasil </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tüzemen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Didem]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why are Prime-Age Men Vanishing from the Labor Force?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Economic Review, first quarter 2018]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>6-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vélez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leibovich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kugler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Adriana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bouillón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[César]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jairo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Reversal of Inequality Trends in Colombia, 1978-95: A Combination of Persistent and Fluctuating Forces]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourguignon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francois]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lustig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nora]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Microeconomics of Income Distribution Dynamics in East Asia and Latin America]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>125-74</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[World Bank/Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
