<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2011-0839</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Universitas Medica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Univ. Med.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2011-0839</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Pontificia Universidad Javeriana]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2011-08392021000400206</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.11144/javeriana.umed62-4.derc</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El debate ético y de regulación sobre el uso de CRISPR-Cas9 en la línea germinal humana]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The Ethical and Regulatory Debate on the Use of CRISPR-Cas9 in the Human Germline]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González Angulo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz Amado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Facultad de Filosofía Instituto de Bioética]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Facultad de Filosofía Instituto de Bioética]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>206</fpage>
<lpage>223</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2011-08392021000400206&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2011-08392021000400206&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2011-08392021000400206&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: CRISPR-Cas9 es actualmente la herramienta más versátil en la ingeniería genética y, por su bajo costo y habilidad para editar genomas fácilmente, la usa toda la comunidad científica. Ofrece promesas considerables en todo campo biológico, especialmente en la comunidad biomédica para curar enfermedades. Sin embargo, a pesar del apoyo general para su utilización clínica, existen preocupaciones éticas y, sobre todo, respecto a su eficacia y seguridad en el contexto de su uso para editar el genoma humano.  Objetivo: Revisar la literatura académica y popular sobre los problemas y las implicaciones sobre el uso de CRISPR-Cas9 en la línea germinal humana.  Métodos: Búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Embase con términos indexados y libres, periódicos y libros de alta circulación.  Resultados: Se seleccionaron 59 documentos según los criterios de inclusión y, a partir de ellos, se crearon cuatro capítulos que revisan las limitaciones técnicas, las implicaciones éticas, la actividad regulatoria e implicaciones políticas y jurídicas respecto del uso de CRISPR-Cas9 en la línea germinal humana, así como las implicaciones para Colombia.  Conclusiones: Aunque las limitaciones técnicas se superarán con avances tecnológicos, las preocupaciones éticas son permanentes y han llevado a declaraciones que van desde la prohibición o la moratoria hasta su uso bajo condiciones estrictas. Colombia debe abordar los retos éticos y regulatorios intentando fortalecer sus capacidades institucionales y el debate público.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Currently, CRISPR-Cas9 is the most versatile tool in genetic engineering and, because of its low cost and ability to easily edit genomes is used by the scientific community. It offers considerable promises in every biological field, and in the biomedical community especially to cure diseases. However, despite the general support for its clinical use, there are ethical concerns, and efficacy and safety issues in the context of its use to edit the human genome.  Objective: To review academic and lay literature about the concerns and implications to consider about the use of CRISPR-Cas9 in the human germline.  Methods: The PubMed and Embase databases were searched using MeSH terms and free terms, as well as newspapers and books of high circulation.  Results: 59 documents were selected according to the inclusion criteria and from them were created four chapters that review the technical limitations, the ethical concerns, the regulatory activity and political and judicial implications of using CRISPR-Cas9 in the human germline and the implications for Colombia.  Conclusions: Atthough the technical limitations will be overcome by technological advances, the ethical concerns are permanent and have brought statements that go from ban or moratorium, to its use under strict conditions. Colombia should take seriously the ethical and regulatory challenges trying to strengthening the institutional capacities and the public debate.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[línea germinal humana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[limitaciones técnicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[implicaciones éticas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[actividad regulatoria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CRISPR-Cas9]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[human germline]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[technical limitations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ethical implications]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[regulatory activity]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jinek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chylinski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonfara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doudna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charpentier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>337</volume>
<numero>6096</numero>
<issue>6096</issue>
<page-range>816-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Engineering the human germline: an exploration of the scinces and ethics of altering the genes we pass to our children]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frankel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chapman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Human heritable genome modifications: assessing scientific, ethical, religious and policy issues]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington D. C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baruch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Human germline genetic modification: issues and options for policy makers]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington D. C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Genetics and Public Policy Center]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz Amado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Shifting times: medicine, society and life]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hist Stud Nat Sci]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<issue>1-2</issue>
<page-range>183-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Habermas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El futuro de la naturaleza humana. ¿Hacia una eugenesia liberal?]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paidós]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doudna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sternberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A crack in creation]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Mariner]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A moment for reflexion]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Economist]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>70-1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Topol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Editing babies? We need to learn a lot more first]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The New York Times]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ishii]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International regulatory landscape and integration of corrective genome editing into in vitro fertilization]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reproductive Biol Endocrinol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Protein Cell]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>363-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Outrage intensifies over claims of gene-edited babies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[National Public Radio]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hayashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ogushi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurimoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shimamoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ohta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saitou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Offspring from oocytes derived from in vitro primordial germ cell-like cells in mice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>338</volume>
<page-range>971-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vassena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eguizabal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hendryckx]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sermon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Pelt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stem cells in reproductive medicine: ready for the patient?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hum Reprod]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>2014-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>National Institutes of Health Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ssessment of adenoviral vector safety and toxicity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Human Gene Ther]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>3-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glorioso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A brief account of viral vectors and their promise for gene therapy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gene Ther]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>1-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Potential pitfalls of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FEBS J]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>283</volume>
<page-range>1218-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bae]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of off-target effects of CRISPR-Cas-derived RNA-guided endonucleases and nickases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Genome Res]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>132-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klienstiver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pattanayak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SQ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High-fidelity CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with no detectable genome-wide off-target effects]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>529</volume>
<page-range>490-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carroll]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genome editing: past, present and future]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Yale J Biol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<page-range>653-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[XJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Targeted genome editing in primate embryos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell Res]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>767-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vassena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heindryckx]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pennings]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sermon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genome engineering through CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the human germline and pluripotent stem cells]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hum Reprod Update]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>411-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brokowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[CRISPR ethics: moral considerations for applications of a powerful tool]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Mol Biol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Believer Capella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La revolución de la edición genética mediante CRISPR-Cas9 y los desafíos éticos y regulaciones que comporta]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuad Bioét]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>223-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lanphier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urnov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haecker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Werner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smolensky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Don&#8217;t edit the human germline]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>519</volume>
<page-range>410-1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baltimore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Botchan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carroll]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Church]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A prudent path forward for genomic engineering and germline gene modification]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>348</volume>
<page-range>36-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine</collab>
<source><![CDATA[On human gene editing: international summary statement]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine-Committee on Human Gene Editing</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Human gene editing: sciences, ethics and governance]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington D. C. ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juengst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ET]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crowdsourcing the moral limits of human gene editing?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hastings Center Report]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>15-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kolata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chinese scientists edit genes of human embryos raising concerns]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The New York Times]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Statement on NIH funding on research usin gene editing technologies in human embryos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[NIH]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baylis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charpentier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Adopt a moratorium on heritable genome editing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>267</volume>
<page-range>165-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grisé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Designer babies: scientists are learning to manipulate human genetics. Should we be worried?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The New York Times]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<page-range>6-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Savulescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kahane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The moral obligation to create children with the best chance of the best life]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bioethics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>274-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The abolition of man]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harper One]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ballesteros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La humanidad in vitro]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Granada ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Comares]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gene editing: new technology, old moral questions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[New Atlantis]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>3-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Redesigning humans: our inevitable future]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Houghton Mifflins]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Enhancing evolution: the ethical case for making better people]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Princeton ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Princeton University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bosley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Botchan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bredenoord]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carroll]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charpentier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[CRISPR germline engineering-the community speaks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Biotechnol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>478-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isasi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kleiderman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knoppers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genetic technology regulation: editing policy to fit the genome?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>351</volume>
<page-range>337-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ormond]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brody]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faucett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hercher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Human germline genome editing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Human Genetics]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>167-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>International Bioethics Committee (IBC), UNESCO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Report of the IBC on updating its reflexions on the human genome and human rights]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNESCO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>European Group of Ethics in Sciences and New Technologies (EGE)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[EGE statement on gene editing]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Committee on Bioethics (DH.BIO), Council of Europe</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Statement on gene editing technologies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[COE]]></source>
<year>1680</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Office of Science and Technology Policy, The White House</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A note on genome editing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The White House]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA)</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[HFEA approves license application to use gene editing in research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[HFEA]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mascharak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Human germline CRISPR-Cas modification: toward a regulatory framework]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Bioethics]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>25-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rossant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gene editing in human development: ethical concerns and practical applications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Development]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>145</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ES]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Brave new genome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>373</volume>
<page-range>5-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[FDA guidance for industry: gene therapy clinical trials-observing subjects for delayed adverse events]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FDA]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nirimberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Will Society be prepared?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>1967</year>
<volume>157</volume>
<page-range>633</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zimmerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Do you hear the people sing? Balancing parental authority and a child&#8217;s right to thrive: The cochlear implant device]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Health Biomedical Law]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>309-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pioneros en edición de genomas en Colombia ganan premio]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[CIAT Website]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero Ariza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La excepción de investigación a la luz de la patente de CRISPR/Cas en Colombia y su posible manejo como un instrumento de investigación]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Propiedad Inmaterial]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>77-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>56.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valencia Enciso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendivil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[New biotechnological treatments for lipid disorders]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Investig Clín]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>244-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<label>57.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montaño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forero Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Rivas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garacía-Tuñón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Targeted genome editing in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Biotechnol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<label>58.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caro Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Edición genómica heredable: un estudio exploratorio desde la perspectiva del principio bioético de la beneficencia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Colomb Bioét]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<label>59.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espejo Mojica]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lysosomal storage diseases: current therapies and future alternatives]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Mol Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>931-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<label>60.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9 for the treatment of lung cancer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Colomb Méd]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>178-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<label>61.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Colombia</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Minciencias realiza la instalación del Consejo Nacional de Bioética (CNB)]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<label>62.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lamprea Bermúdez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lizarazo Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Técnica de edición de genes CRISPR/Cas9: retos jurídicos para su regulación y uso en Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La Propiedad Inmaterial]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>79-110</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<label>63.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Márquez Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tecnologías disruptivas para la obtención de órganos y tejido artificial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Colomb Bioét]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
